Blooooood

Question 1

if you have low fluid in your blood, is your hematocrit low or high?

Answer 1

high (more RBC to fluid ratio)

Question 2

you have high sodium in your blood, what about in your tissues?

Answer 2

high sodium too bc interstitial fluid (fluid in tissues) comes from blood

Question 3

why does a malnourished child in a developing country have thin extremities but a large belly?

Answer 3

low protein diet –> can’t make albumin –> can’t keep fluid in the blood –> fluid seeps into tissues

Question 4

what type of proteins are albumin, globulins, fibrinogens?

Answer 4

plasma proteins

Question 5

if you have lots of albumin in the blood, do you have lots of water in the blood?

Answer 5

yes, water follows albumin (albumin is responsible for colloid osmotic pressure, which brings fluid INTO blood)

Question 6

you’re taking barbiturates but you have low albumin. Will the drug be effective? why/why not?

Answer 6

not effective bc albumin stabilizes drugs. if low albumin, drug metabolized too fast by liver (can’t work)

Question 7

carrier proteins for barbiturates, thyroxine, bilirubin?

Answer 7

albumin

Question 8

function of alpha and beta globulin?

Answer 8

maintain osmotic pressure, act like carrier proteins, make fibronectins, lipoproteins, coagulation factors

Question 9

largest plasma protein? what’s its function?

Answer 9

fibrinogen, makes platelet plug

Question 10

how is the substance that cross links to make an impermeable net that prevents blood loss, made?

Answer 10

fibrinogen + thrombin = fibrin

Question 11

why are RBCs concave?

Answer 11

increased surface area = more O2 can bind

Question 12

what is the difference b/w a reticulocyte and an RBC?

Answer 12

reticulocyte isn’t biconcave yet (but it IS anuclear)

Question 13

increased reticulocytes could indicate? decreased reticulocytes could indicate?

Answer 13

increase: cancer; decrease: bone marrow issue (can’t make enough)

Question 14

how does insufficient vitamin B12 or folic acid lead to anemia?

Answer 14

they lead to decreased RBC production bc they help make the RBC plasma membrane

Question 15

mutation in sickle cell disease?

Answer 15

glutamic acid turns to valine (pt mutation in B-globin chain of HbA)

Question 16

what conditions cause your cells to suddenly turn into sickle cells?

Answer 16

low O2 or dehydration

Question 17

are heterozygotes symptomatic?

Answer 17

less than 40%

Question 18

cause of acute chest syndrome? why is this disease so important?

Answer 18

1 cause of death in sickle cell pts

when sickled RBCs clog up lung capillaries and arteries –> sharp chest pain occurs when working out or low on O2

Question 19

what protein stabilizes the pigment involved in jaundice?

Answer 19

albumin (stabilizes bilirubin)

Question 20

why is jaundice often seen in babies?

Answer 20

their liver is underdeveloped (can’t metabolize their bilirubin)

Question 21

you have 9058 leukocytes. is this in normal range?

Answer 21

yes, normal range is 5000-10000

Question 22

“never let monkeys eat bananas” is an acronym for what?

Answer 22

amt of each WBC in descending order

Question 23

which cells are polymorphonuclear? what type of infection are they primarily involved in?

Answer 23

neutrophils (PMNs); bacterial infections

Question 24

what type of granules do the polymorphonuclear cells have?

Answer 24

azurophilic granules (lysosomes have myeloperoxidase) and specific granules (diff enzymes, complement activators, antimicrobial peptides)

Question 25

parasitic infections and allergies cause what?

Answer 25

eosinophilia

Question 26

what type of WBC do asthma pts have a lot of?

Answer 26

eosinophils bc they mediate chronic inflammation

Question 27

which WBCs are in charge of type 1 hypersensitivity rxn and anaphylaxis?

Answer 27

basophils and mast cells

Question 28

what types of infections are related to lymphocytes?

Answer 28

viral and fungal

Question 29

do osteoclasts, kupffer cells, and microglia arise from monocytes?

Answer 29

no; just same embryological derivative

Question 30

what kind of cells are thrombocytes? what’s another name for them?

Answer 30

they’re NOT cells (trick question)…they are blebs of cytoplasm that come from megakaryocytes

another name: platelets

Question 31

main function of the pieces of cytoplasm that are released from megakaryocytes?

Answer 31

hemostasis (stop bleeding)

Question 32

there’s an increase of bands in your blood. what kind of infection do you probably have? why is there an increase in bands?

Answer 32

bacterial; bc bone marrow is sending out immature neutrophils to stop the infection

Question 33

you have 12% bands in the blood. is this normal?

Answer 33

No. 0-5% is normal.