Pharmacology Drugs

Question 1

Agents that affect nerve A.P?

Answer 1

Tetrodoxin
Local anesthetics (lidocaine, bupivacaine, procaine)

Question 2

Agents that affect Vesicular aCh release?

Answer 2

Botulinum Toxin

Tetanus Toxin

Question 3

Agents that affect depolarization?

Answer 3

Curare Alkaloids

Succinylcholine

Question 4

Agent that inhibits AcHe?

Answer 4

cholinesterase inhibitors

Question 5

Which agent is a competitive non-depolarizing ANTAGONIST? how does it work ?

Answer 5

Curare Alkaloids: binds to the nACh receptors, competes with ACh, and decreases EPP (end plate potential)

Question 6

Which agent binds acetylcholinesterase ?

Answer 6

cholinesterase inhibitor

Question 7

Explain what happens with calcium if Dantrolene agent is used?

Answer 7

It blocks ryanodine receptors and inhibits further Ca 2+ release (calcium remains sequestered in SR)

Question 8

What agent causes N/V/D after consuming canned food or veggies or fish?

Answer 8

Botulinum Toxin

Question 9

Which agent would cause increase in muscle facisculations?

Answer 9

Succinylcholine

Question 10

What agent would you administer to pt with hyperthermia?

Answer 10

Dantrolene

Question 11

Which agent blocks Na+ channels and results in decreased A.P?

Answer 11

Tetrodoxin or local aenesthetics

Question 12

which agent cleaves the SNARE complex involved in exocytosis?

Answer 12

botulinim toxin

Question 13

What does tetanus toxin do?

Answer 13

blocks fusion of synaptic vesicles by targeting synaptobrevin (inhibitory neurotransmitters that relax contracted muscle can’t work) –> spastic paralysis

Question 14

Which agent can be used to treat migraines?

Answer 14

Botulinim Toxin

Question 15

Which agent results in flaccid paralysis of muscles ?

Answer 15

Curare Alkaloids (bc they inhibit ACh binding to nAChR)

Question 16

Which receptor is for smooth muscle contraction

Answer 16

muscarinic receptors

Question 17

mAchRs are _________ receptors and nAChRs are ________receptors?

Answer 17

G- protein

Ligand gated ion channels

Question 18

What proteins are involved in FUSION and release of AcH

Answer 18

VAMPS and SNAPS respectively

Question 19

What agent is a depolarizing blocker agonist? How does it work?

Answer 19

It binds to nahRs and initially causes depolarization and then eventually leads to receptor blocking

Question 20

what does cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) do? in what disease is there a decrease of ChAT?

Answer 20

combines acetyl coenzyme A with choline (choline enters cell through choline transporter)

alzheimers

Question 21

what transports ACh into vesicles for storage? What does it need in order to do this?

Answer 21

ACh vesicular transporter; ATP

Question 22

what do mAChr do in cardiac muscle?

Answer 22

decrease heart rate, conduction velocity, contraction,

Question 23

which channel is ionotropic? which is metabotropic?

Answer 23

nAChRs are ionotropic; mAChRs are metabotropic (use second messengers)

Question 24

what makes the nAChRs select for positive ions?

Answer 24

negatively charge amino acids in pore (aspartic and glutamic acid)

Question 25

d-tubocurarine is an antagonist of what?

Answer 25

skeletal nAChR

Question 26

pt presents with symmetric weakness, b/l cranial neuropathies, blurred vision, dry mouth, vomiting. what toxin did they probably ingest?

Answer 26

botulism toxin

Question 27

pt presents with lockjaw, stiff neck, sweating, and tachycardia. what toxin did he ingest?

Answer 27

tetanus toxin

Question 28

which agent that affects depolarization is used in anesthesia? how do you reverse their effects?

Answer 28

curare alkaloids bc they cause flaccid paralysis use AChE inhibitor so that you can increase ACh levels

Question 29

how can succinylcholine cause flaccid paralysis? how is this agent clinically relevant?

Answer 29

stays in NMJ for too long, sometimes blocks NaChR used as induction agent for anesthesia/used for intubation

Question 30

how do you reverse succinylcholine's paralysis effects?

Answer 30

time

Question 31

agent that affects muscle contraction?

Answer 31

dantrolene (inhibits ryanodine receptors in SR and blocks release of Ca2+)

Question 32

how are cholinesterases clinically helpful?

Answer 32

help Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, myasthenia gravis

Question 33

how is dantrolene clinically helpful?

Answer 33

malignant hyperthermia, spasticity

Question 34

common sx for myasthenia gravis?

Answer 34

ptosis (drooping) of eyelids and mouth

Question 35

2 examples of nondepolarizing blockade drugs, 1 example of depolarizing blockade drug?

Answer 35

d-tubocurarine and curare alkaloids; succinylcholine

Question 36

in malignant hyperthermia what mutation can occur due to taking succinylcholine?

Answer 36

mutation in ryanidine receptor --> sarcoplasmic reticulum can't sequester calicum --> continuous contractin --> heat

Question 37

describe CO2 levels, pH levels, and O2 consumption levels when you have malignant hyperthermia?

Answer 37

increased CO2, decreased pH, increased O2 consumption

Question 38

if malignant hyperthermia goes untreated, what can occur?

Answer 38

rhabdomyolysis (hypermetabolic state --> muscle damage --> muscle tissue breakdown --> dumping hemoglobin into blood stream --> kidney clogged (KIDNEY FAILURE)

Question 39

what drug do you use to txt malignant hyperthermia and/or spasticity?

Answer 39

dantrolene bc it binds to RYR (inhibiting further Ca2+ release)