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20005 > body fluid compartments > Flashcards

body fluid compartments Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

what is interstitual fluid

A

water that lies between blood circulation and cells

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2
Q

what is transcellular fluid

A

CSF, pleural, synovial etc

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3
Q

what is included in extracellular fluid

A
  • plasma
  • interstitial
  • transcellular
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4
Q

how does cellular movement occur between the lumen and the intersitium

A
  • absorbing sodium, chloride and potassium creates osmotic gradient
  • is paracellular
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5
Q

why is high sodium, glucose and potassium solutions needed

A

to maximise water translocation

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6
Q

how does sodium movement occur

A
  • across basolateral membrane
  • sodium potassium atpase
  • build up make positive electrochemical gradient
  • helps chloride movement
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7
Q

what is colloid osmotic pressure

A

osmotic gradient created by the differential distribution of protein across this barrier

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8
Q

how does movement between cappilaries occur

A

hydrostatic pressure in capillary and extracellular fluid hydrostatic pressure makes net outward force

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9
Q

what is starlings force

A

determines the ratee of plasma filtration from blood to intersitium

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10
Q

what are the effects of right sided heart failure

A
  • hard for blood to be pumped back into heart from veins
  • blood build up makes backlog increasing pressure
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11
Q

how does right sided heart failure affect fluid

A
  • increased net filtration out of capillaries
  • pressure is greatest at feet
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12
Q

what are the effects of left sided heart failure

A
  • pressure build up until excessive build up of blood into the pulmonary interstitial fluid
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13
Q

how is there stable levels of plasma nd interstitial fluid

A

blood filtration is equal to drainage rate of the liver of the lymph

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14
Q

what causes lymphedema

A

blockage to the lymphatic system

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15
Q

what causes pitting oedema

A
  • no blockage to the lymph system
  • there is a change in starling forces
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16
Q

how does water move intracellularly and extracellularly

A
  • difference in osmolarity
  • water soluble membrane
  • aquaporins
  • move from low to high
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17
Q

how do solutes exert an osmotic force

A
  • differential distribution across a membrane
  • increased permeability will decrease the osmotic force
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18
Q

how do you have effective osmoles

Study These Flashcards
A
  • cell impermeant to solute
  • low permeability
19
Q

what occurs in an isotonic solution

Study These Flashcards
A
  • cell volume remains constant
  • no net movement of water
  • impermeable so osmotic forces
20
Q

what occurs in a hypotonic solution

Study These Flashcards
A
  • movement from low effective osmolarity to high effective osmolarity
  • cell swells
21
Q

what is a hypertonic solution

Study These Flashcards
A

the solution outside of the cell is more concentrated than inside the cell

22
Q

what are the main differences between the composition of the intracellular and extracellular fluids

Study These Flashcards
A

-intra = higher potassium
- extra = high sodium
- similar osmolarity

23
Q

what are signs of increased extracellular volume

Study These Flashcards
A
  • hypoxia
  • high BP
  • periorbital oedema
  • raised JVP
  • bi-basal crackles
  • leg oedema (pitting)
24
Q

what are signs of decreased extracellular volume

Study These Flashcards
A
  • tachycardia
  • hypotension
  • dry mouth
  • reduced JVP
  • cool peripherals
  • oliguria
25
what is hypertonic dehydration
- lose more water then sodium - excessive water loss or not enough intake
26
what is isotonic dehydration
- lose same amount of water as sodium - trauma, vomiting, burns, sweating
26
what is hypotonic dehydration
- lose more sodium than water - Addison's, diuretics
27
why is dehydration more common in the elderly
- decreased total body water - reduce urine concentration - reduced thirst
28
how does a decreased heart volume affect MAP
1. decreases venous pressure 2. decreases venous return 3. decrease in edv 4. decrease cardiac output 5. decreased MAP
29
how does an increase in blood volume affect MAP
1. increase venous pressure 2. increase venous return 3. increase EDV 4. increase cardiac output 5. increase MAP
30
what mechanisms do the kidneys use to regulate Na
1. decreased blood volume triggers baroreceptors 2. cause the sympathetic nervous system to fire for more sodium reabsorption 3. release renin starting RAAS 4. retains more sodium
31
stages of RAAS
1. angiotensinogen 2. renin release 3. cleave angiotensin I 4. angiotensin I and ACE 5. angiotensin II into kidney 6. release aldosterone
32
what are the effects on an increase in angiotensin II
- increase arteriolar vasoconstriction - increase thirst and Na appetite - increased aldosterone secretion
33
how is the feeling of thirst triggered
- stimulation of subfornical organ and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminals - modulated by GI afferents and baroreceptor inputs
34
what are the stages of response to a decrease in extracellular fluid volume
1. stabilise arterial blood pressure with baroreflex 2. neuroendocrine reflexes increase plasma - vasoconstriction 3. reduced starlings force, net reabsorption 4. stable circulating volume, increasing reabsorption 5. increase thirst and Na appetites 6. increase albumin, platelets and erythrocytes
35
what are the changes in starlings force in decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
- loss of gradient - limited net filtration out - albumin levels are ok - force exceeds that of capillary hydrostatic pressure so increase water reabsorption
36
what are the short term effects of decrease blood volume
- reduced arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors firing - increased CO - arterial vasoconstriction + venoconstriction
37
what are the long term effects of blood volume
- increase thirst - decrease urinary loss of water and sodium
38
what is the long term aim in blood volume loss
restore the blood volume
39
what is the short term aim in blood volume loss
stabilise the MAP
39
what are the different types of fluid for IV fluid resucitation
- crystalloid - colloid
40
what is a risk of using crystalloid IV fluid therpay
risk of exacerbating oedema
41
what are the risks of using colloid IV therapy
- risk of anaphylactic reactions - expand intravascular volume - infused can cause haemodilution impacting coagulation

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