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respiratory disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

what is hypoxia

A

condition characterised by an inadequate level of oxygen reaching body’s tissue

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2
Q

what is hypercapnia

A

condition characterised by an excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood stream

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3
Q

what is atelectasis

A

collapse of closure of a part of whole of the lung, resulting in reduced gas exchange

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4
Q

what is cyanosis

A

bluish discoloration of the skin and membranes as a result of reduced haemoglobin

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5
Q

what is dyspnoea

A

sensation of difficult breathing NB symptom for evaluating lung and airway function

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6
Q

what is tachypnoea

A

rapid breathing characterised by abnormally quick breaths, often a sign of respiratory distress

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7
Q

what is bronchoconstriction

A

generalised constriction of bronchial smooth muscle narrowing the bronchial lumen creating difficulty breathing

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8
Q

what is sputum

A

mixture of mucous and saliva coughed up from the respiratory tract

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9
Q

what is wheeze

A

whistling noise characteristic of air passing through a narrow tube

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10
Q

what is haemoptysis

A

coughing up blood. possible causes: lung infections, bronchial carcinoma, pulmonary oedema

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11
Q

what is bronchospasm

A

sudden wave of constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, narrowing the airway

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12
Q

what are crackles/ rales

A

sounds heard during breathing that resemble fine crackling or popping noises, indicative of fluid in small airways or alveoli

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13
Q

what does CO2 tigger in ventilation reflex

A

central (medullary) chemoreceptors

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14
Q

what does O2 trigger in ventilation reflex

A

peripheral (carotid and aortic) chemoreceptors

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15
Q

what affects hypoxia

A
  • O2 delivery to tissue depends on CaO2 and rate of blood flow
  • also result from decrease tissue O2 utilization
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16
Q

what is assessed in hypoximia

A

low PaO2 and low Hb saturation

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17
Q

what are the different types of hypoxia

A
  • anaemic hypoxia
  • stagnant hypoxia
  • histotoxic hypoxia
  • hypoxic hypoxia
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18
Q

what is anaemic hypoxia

A

reduced number of red blood cells

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19
Q

what is stagnant hypoxia

A

reduced blood flow

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20
Q

what is histotoxic hypoxia

A

reduced oxygen utilisation by cells

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21
Q

what is hypoxic hypoxia

A

reduced partial pressure of O2 in blood cells

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22
Q

what are different causes of O2 deficiency

A
  • O2 deficiency in inspiratory air
  • abnormal ventilation
  • abnormal diffusion
  • decreased transport capacity
  • circulatory failure
  • vasoconstriction
  • increase O2 affinity of haemoglobin
  • abnormal diffusion in tissues
  • abnormal O2 utilisation
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23
Q

what is acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

progressive form of acute, hypoxemic respiratory failure with widespread lung inflammation

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24
Q

what causes acute respiratory distress syndrome

A
  1. tissue inflammation
  2. neutrophils/ immune cells are triggered
  3. surfactant is reduced/ not produced
  4. start to get alveoli collapse
  5. ventilation-perfusion mismatch
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25
what triggers acute respiratory distress syndrome
- sepsis - pneumonia - aspiration - trauma - near drowning
26
what signs are acute respiratory distress syndrome
- laboured breathing - severe SOB - cyanosis - rapid heart rate - confusion/ altered mental state - tachypnoea - severe fatigue
27
what are obstructive disorders
limitation of airflow due to partial or complete obstruction, issues with airflow leaving
28
what are restrictive disorders
reduced expansion of lung parenchyma accompanied by decreased total lung capacity, struggles air going in
29
what is COPD
- persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive - not fully reversible - chronic inflammatory response
30
what is emphysema
- irreversible enlargement of airspace distal to terminal bronchiole - loss of elastic tissue -> loss of recoil - loss of alveolar surface area and capillary bed -> hypoxia
31
how is emphysema caused
breakdown of elastase to elastin is not blocked by protease inhibitors
32
what is chronic bronchitis
- productive cough for three months in 2 years - dyspnoea and airway obstruction - inflammation causing mucosal thickening and mucous hypersecretion increasing resistance
33
what are the signs and symptoms of obstructive and restrictive disease
- chronic productive cough - barrel chest - respiratory acidosis - tachypnoea - sever fatigue and exercise intolerance - weight loss - severe SOB - wheezing - pursed lip exhalation
34
what causes the signs and symptoms in restrictive and obstructive diseases
- mucous/ inflammation in airway - collapse of alveoli and airways - decrease elastic recoil and increased lung compliance - hypoxia
35
what is hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
- alveoli ventilation is matched to perfusion in capillaries - decrease in vents increases Pco2 and decreases Po2 - decreased Po2 constricts arteries
36
what is cor pulmonale
enlargement of right ventricle due to high blood pressure caused by chronic lung disease
37
what are the signs of cor pulmonale
- raised JVP - pedal oedema - ascites - hepatic congestion
38
what are teh consequences of ventilatory acclimation to hypercapnia
CO2 retention -> severe reduction in ventilatory drive when receiving supplemental O3
39
what is asthma
- reversible chronic inflammation of the airways - increased airway hyoer-responsiveness
40
what are the two types of asthma
- extrinsic or allergic stimuli - intrinsic or non-allergic stimuli
41
what are the causes or extrinsic asthma
- environmental triggers - allergic reaction - childhood onset - most common
42
what are the causes or intrinsic asthma
- stimulated by respiratory tract infection - more severe - adult onset
43
what pathophysiology triggers asthma attackes
the release of cytokines, immune and inflammation cells - increasing mucus secretion and contraction
44
what are the signs and symptoms of asthma
- cough - wheezing - chest tightness - tachypnoea - severe shortness of breath - hypoxia
45
what is fibrosis
abnormal and excessive formation of fibrous scar tissue in the lungs decreasing diffusion so decreasing PaO2
46
what are the causes of firbosis
- idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - secondary
47
what causes secondary fibrosis
inhalation of environmental or occupational pollutants
48
what is the pathophysiology of fibrosis
1. infection/ stimulus 2. endothelial damage 3. innate and adaptive immunity and fibroblast activation 4. inflammation 5. myofibroblast activation 6. persistent myofibroblast activation 7. fibrosis
49
what are the signs and symptoms of fibrosis
- dry cough - tachypnoea - chest tightness - sever SOB - fatigue
50
what is a pulmonary embolism
sudden blockage of one or more arteries in the lungs by a blood clot
51
what causes a PE
- DVT - stasis of blood - increased blood coagulability - venous endothelial injury
52
what is the pathophysiology of a PE
- Virchow's triad for DVT which moves - VQ mismatch as lung is not properly perfused
53
what are the symptoms of a PE
- swollen, tender, warm, redden calf - chest pain - sharp/ stabbing - cough and haemoptysis - tachycardia - sudden onset of dyspnoea
54
what is pulmonary oedema
accumulation of excess fluid in interstitium or alveolar spaces resulting in impaired gaseous exchange
55
what are the two different types of pulmonary oedema
- cardiogenic pulmonary oedema - noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema
56
what causes cardiogenic pulmonary oedema
- heart cant pump blood effectively - increase hydrostatic pressure and exceeds capacity for fluid clearance - forces fluid into lung tissue
57
what causes non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema
- damage or dysfunction of lung tissue or blood vessels - increased vascular permeability - forces fluid to lung tissue - include allergic reaction, trauma, lung infection
58
what is the effects of pulmonary oedema
- alveolar collapse - increase surface forces - decrease pulmonary compliance and decrease gaseous exchange - results in hypoxemia
59
what are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary oedema
- wheeze or crackles - chest pain and tightness - dyspnoea - tachypnoea - fatigue - cough and blood tinged sputum
60
what is pleural effusion
fluid in the pleural space from an increase production or decreased reabsorption of fluid
61
what is exudative pleural effusion
alteration in vascular permeability or fluid reabsorption
62
what is transudative pleural effusion
effusion from hydrostatic and oncotic imbalance so fluid leaks into pleural space
63
what are the signs and symptoms of pleural effusion
- dyspnoea - cough (dry) - chest pain (pleuritic) - decreased breath sounds
64
what is the difference between pulmonary oedema and pleural effusion
fluid accumulate in the lung in oedema and in the pleural space in pleural effusion
65
what is bronchiectasis
permanent/ abnormal dilation of bronchi and bronchioles and weakening of mucociliary transport mechanism from inflammation
66
what is the cause of bronchiectasis
damage to airway walls loses structural integrity so mucous can't be cleared
67
what is bronchomalacia
excessice and abnormal softening of bronchial cartilage causing weakening and collapse of the airway
68
symptoms of bronchomalaci
- coughing - wheeze - dyspnoea
69
what is the pathophysiology of bronchomalacia
- forced expiration increases positive pressure - collapse of non-rigid portion of bronchus - wheeze and decrease removal of secretion
70
what is anaphylaxis
systemic hypersensitivity reaction from inflammatory mediators
71
symptoms of anaphylaxis
- difficulty breathing - swelling face and throat - drop in BP - hives - GIT distress
72
what does capnography measure
- real time info of respiratory status - assesses exhaled CO2
73
how do ACE inhibitors affect respiration
- ACE-1 is a competitive inhibitor - prevents degradation of bradykinin and substance P - accumulation in respiratory tracts stimulates J receptors - causes a cough
74
how does opioid overdose affect respiration
- hyperventilation, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis - decreased O2 sat and decreased upper airway patency - hypoxia and hypercapnia - opioid act on mu receptors which causes respiratory destress

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