Body Fluids Flashcards by Dr Menaka Raut

Blood is a special connective tissue consisting of a……/……/……

fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements.

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Plasma is a straw coloured, viscous fluid constituting nearly …….per cent of the blood.

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…….per cent of plasma is water and proteins contribute……. per cent of it

90-92

6-8

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……/……/……are the major proteins.

Fibrinogen, globulins and albumins

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Plasma also contains small amounts of minerals like……/……./……/……/……

Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3–, Cl–, etc

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Plasma without the clotting factors is called………

serum

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healthy adult has, on an average…………….of RBCs mm–3 of blood

5 millions to 5.5 millions

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healthy individual has…….of haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood

12-16 gms

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RBCs have an average life span of…….days

120

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Leucocytes are generally short lived and are relatively lesser in number which averages ………….mm–3 of blood.

6000-8000

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Basophils secrete……/……/…… etc., and are involved in ………..reactions

histamine, serotonin, heparin,

inflammatory

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Eosinophils (2-3 per cent)resist ……..and are also associated with……………….reactions

resist infections
allergic reactions

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Platelets also called………are cell fragments produced from………….

thrombocytes
megakaryocytes

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megakaryocytes special cells in the liver.
True or false

False
bone marrow

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Blood normally contains……………platelets mm–3

1,500,00-3,500,00
1.5 to 3.5 million

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Rh antigen similar to one present in……….monkeys is also observed on the surface of RBCs of majority (nearly…….per cent) of humans

Rhesus

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A special case of Rh incompatibility (mismatching) has been observed between the ………..blood of a pregnant mother with ……….blood of the foetus.

Rh-ve

Rh+ve

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In case of her subsequent pregnancies, the Rh antibodies from the mother can leak into the blood of the foetus and destroy the foetal RBCs. This could be fatal to the foetus or could cause severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby. This condition is called………….

erythroblastosis foetalis.

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Erythroblastosis foetalis can be avoided by administering……………to the mother immediately after the delivery of the first child

anti-Rh antibodies

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Statement I: An injury or a trauma stimulates the platelets in the blood to release certain factors which activate the mechanism of coagulation.
Statement II; Calcium ions play no role in clotting

Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect
Calcium ions play a very important role in clotting.

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Order of cell sizes:
Increasing order

Platelets
1. B lymphocyte
2. T lymphocyte
3. Red Blood Cell (RBC)
4. Basophil
5. Neutrophil
6. Eosinophil
7. Monocyte

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Statement 1: As the blood passes through the capillaries in tissues, some water along with many small water insoluble substances move out into the spaces between the cells
Statement 2: larger proteins and most of the formed elements are left in the blood vessels.

Statement 1 is incorrect and 2 is correct

As the blood passes through the capillaries in tissues, some water along with many small water SOLUBLE substances move out into the spaces between the cells

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Statement 1: Tissue fluid has different mineral distribution as compared to that in plasma.
Statement 2: Exchange of nutrients, gases, etc., between the blood and the cells always occur through this fluid.

Statement 1 is incorrect statement 2 is correct

SAME mineral distribution as that in plasma.

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Assertion: Closed circulatory system in which the blood pumped by the heart is always circulated through a closed network of blood vessels. Is considered to be more advantageous

Reason:the flow of fluid can be more precisely regulated.

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Blood vascular system consists of a muscular…………. , a network of closed branching ……………. and………..

chambered Heart blood vessels blood

Heart, the…………… derived organ

mesodermally

Heart is slightly tilted to the………

left Located in the cavity called mediastenium

atrium and the ventricle of the same side are also separated by a……………….tissue called the atrio-ventricular septum

thick fibrous

Statement 1: opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle is guarded by a valve formed of three muscular flaps or cusps, the tricuspid valve Statement 2: Bicuspid or mitral valve guards the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

Both statements are incorrect Tricuspid: between right atrium and right ventricle Bicuspid: between left atrium and left ventricle

A patch of nodal tissue is present in the right upper corner of the right atrium called the……………

sino-atrial node (SAN)

In the lower left corner of the right atrium close to the atrio-ventricular septum nodal tissue called the………

atrio-ventricular node (AVN).

Statement 1:Nodal musculature has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli, i.e., it is autoexcitable Statement 2: The number of action potentials that could be generated in a minute vary at different parts of the nodal system.

Both are correct

Atria to undergo a simultaneous contraction – the atrial systole. This increases the flow of blood into the ventricles by about……..per cent

Action potential is conducted to the ventricular side by……./…….from where the…………… transmits it through the entire ventricular musculature.

AVN and AV bundle bundle of His

Heart beats……..times per minute, i.e., that many cardiac cycles are performed per minute.

Duration of a cardiac cycle is…….seconds.

0.8

During a cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately……..of blood which is called the………volume.

70 mL stroke

…………….can be defined as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute and averages…………in a healthy individual

Cardiac output 5000 mL or 5 litres

Statement 1: The first heart sound (lub) is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves Statement 2: Second heart sound (dub) is associated with the closure of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves

Both are false Lub: closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valve Dub: closure of semilunar valve These sounds have clinical diagnostic significance

Basically, each artery and vein consists of three layers:

tunica intima : inner lining of squamous endothelium Tunica media: smooth muscle and elastic fibres Tunica external: fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibres

The tunica media is comparatively thin in the…….

veins

………….circulation provides nutrients, O2 and other essential substances to the tissues and takes CO2 and other harmful substances away for elimination.

Systemic

The hepatic portal vein carries blood from intestine to the…….before it is delivered to the systemic circulation.

liver

Special…………..of blood vessels is present in our body exclusively for the circulation of blood to and from the cardiac musculature.

coronary system

Special neural centre in the……….can moderate the cardiac function through autonomic nervous system (ANS)

medulla oblangata

Normal blood pressure

120/80 BP repeatedly checked to be 140/90 or higher: hypertension

Coronary artery disease also known as ………….affects the vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle

atherosclerosis caused by deposits of calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues, which makes the lumen of arteries narrower.

Statement 1: Lymph is a colourless fluid containing specialised lymphocytes which are responsible for the immune responses of the body. Statement 2: Lymph is also an important carrier for nutrients, hormones, etc.

Both are correct

An elaborate network of vessels called the lymphatic system collects this fluid and drains it back to the major arteries True or false

False Major veins

All vertebrates possess a muscular chambered heart. True or false

True

Statement 1: Thick muscular wall called the inter-atrial septum separates the right and the left atria. Statement 2: Thin walled, the inter-ventricular septum, separates the left and the right ventricles

Both are incorrect Inter atrial septum is thin walled and inter ventricular septum is thick walled

Statement 1: The valves in the heart allows the flow of blood only in one direction, i.e., from the atria to the ventricles and from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery or aorta. Statement 2: These valves prevent any backward flow.

Both are correct

The walls of ventricles are much thinner than that of the atria

False The walls of ventricles are much thicker than that of the atria

Statement 1: bundle of nodal fibres, atrio-ventricular bundle (AV bundle) continues from the AVN which passes through the atrio-ventricular septa to emerge on the top of the inter-ventricular septum and immediately divides into a right and left bundle. Statement 2: These branches give rise to minute fibres throughout the ventricular musculature of the respective sides and are called purkinje fibres.

Both are correct

The SAN can generate the maximum number of action potentials, i.e………..and is responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart

70-75 per min

To obtain a standard ECG a patient is connected to the machine with………….electrical leads that continuously monitor the heart activity.

three one to each wrist and to the left ankle

Neural signals through the…………..nerves (part of ANS) can increase the rate of heart beat, the strength of ventricular contraction and thereby the cardiac output.

sympathetic

…………….. signals (another component of ANS) decrease the rate of heart beat, speed of conduction of action potential and thereby the cardiac output

Parasympathetic neural

Adrenal…………. hormones can also increase the cardiac output.

medullary Catchecolamines

A symptom of acute chest pain appears when no enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle

Angina also called "angina pectoris" more common among the middle-aged and elderly

Statement 1: Heart failure means the state of heart when it is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body. Statement 2: It is sometimes called congestive heart failure because congestion of the lungs is one of the main symptoms of this disease.

Both are correct

Statement 1: Cardiac arrest is when the heart stops beating Statement 2: Heart attack is when the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply

Both are correct

Shape of RBCs is biconcave disc because

Decreases the distance between cell membrane and haemoglobin molecules facilitate oxygen uptake

Shape of RBCs is biconcave disc because

Decreases the distance between cell membrane and haemoglobin molecules facilitate oxygen uptake

In human heart nodal tissue a conduction delay is seen in

AV node

Aplastic anemia

Aplastic Anemia: Caused by the bone marrow failing to produce enough red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It's often due to autoimmune disorders, toxins, radiation, or certain medications.

Pernicious Anemia

Pernicious Anemia: A type of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor, a protein needed for B12 absorption. It affects red blood cell production.

Hemolytic Anemia

Hemolytic Anemia: Occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can produce them. Causes include autoimmune diseases, genetic conditions (e.g., sickle cell disease), infections, or certain medications.

Hemorrhagic Anemia

Hemorrhagic Anemia: Results from significant blood loss due to injury, surgery, gastrointestinal bleeding, or heavy menstrual periods. The loss of red blood cells exceeds the body’s ability to replace them.

Most abundant plasma protein is

Albumin

Most abundant circulating antibody

IgG

In the nodal tissue of the human heart, the highest conduction velocity is observed in the

Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers. More accurate Purkinje fibres These structures are specialized for rapid conduction to ensure efficient and synchronized contraction of the ventricles.

End diastolic volume is

120ml

End systolic volume is

50ml

Ejection fraction is approx………. %

Universal recipient is

AB+

Universal donor

O-

State structure of nucleus of lymphocytes and monocytes

Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, NK cells): The nucleus is large, round, and occupies most of the cell's volume, with scant cytoplasm visible. It appears dense with tightly packed chromatin. Monocytes: They have a large, kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped nucleus with a less dense chromatin pattern compared to lymphocytes.

State structure and shape of nuclei of Neutrophil and Eosinophil

Neutrophils: Characterized by a multi-lobed nucleus (typically 3-5 lobes) connected by thin strands of chromatin, giving it a segmented appearance. This aids in their flexibility to move through tissues. Eosinophils: Possess a bi-lobed nucleus, often appearing as two connected lobes, with large granules in the cytoplasm staining bright pink-red with eosin dye.

State structure and shape of nuclei of Basiphils Dendritic cells and Macrophages

Basophils: They have a bi-lobed or irregularly shaped nucleus, usually obscured by numerous dark-staining granules in the cytoplasm. Dendritic Cells: The nucleus is irregularly shaped, often indented or lobed, with visible cytoplasm due to the cell's role in antigen presentation. Macrophages: Derived from monocytes, they typically have a large, oval, or irregularly shaped nucleus with dispersed chromatin and abundant cytoplasm.

Body Fluids Flashcards

(80 cards)