Human Health Flashcards by Dr Menaka Raut

Statement 1: Health, for a long time, was considered as a state of body and mind where there was a balance of certain ‘humors’.
Statement 2: This is what early Greeks like Hippocrates as well as Indian Ayurveda system of medicine asserted.

Both are correct

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The discovery of blood circulation by…….

William Harvey

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Assertion: Mind and mental state can affect our health

Reason: Biology stated that mind influences, through neural system and endocrine system, our immune system and that our immune system maintains our health

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Health is affected by
(3) factors in NCERT

(i) Genetic disorders – deficiencies with which a child is born and deficiencies/defects which the child inherits from parents from birth;
(ii) Infections
(iii) Life style including food and water we take, rest and exercise we give to our bodies, habits that we have or lack etc.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Things that are very important to maintain good health are
(3) in NCERT

Balanced diet
Personal hygiene
Regular exercise

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Things that are necessary for achieving good health.
(5) in NCERT

Awareness about diseases and their effect on different bodily functions
Vaccination (immunisation) against infectious diseases
Proper disposal of wastes
Control of vectors
Maintenance of hygiene in food and water resources

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A classic case in medicine, that of………..nicknamed Typhoid Mary

Mary Mallon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Statement 1:Innate immunity is non-specific type of defence, that is present at the time of birth
Statement 2: This is accomplished by providing different types of barriers to the entry of the foreign agents into our body .

Both are correct

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Statement 1: The pathogens can enter our body by various means, multiply and interfere with normal vital activities, resulting in morphological and functional damage.
Statement 2: Pathogens have to adapt to life within the environment of the host.

Both are correct

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causative agents of
Dysentery
Plague
Diphtheria

Shigella
Yersinia pestis
Corynebacterium dipthereae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rhino viruses represent a……..

group of viruses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Different species of Plasmodium are responsible for different types of malaria name 3

P. vivax, P. malaria and P. falciparum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The malignant malaria caused by……….. is the most serious one and can even be fatal.

Plasmodium falciparum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plasmodium enters the human body as…..

sporozoites

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The rupture of RBCs is associated with release of a toxic substance……………, which is responsible for the chill and high fever recurring every three to four days

haemozoin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The parasites multiply within mosquitoes to form sporozoites that are stored in their………

salivary glands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Measures for personal hygiene include

Keeping the body clean
Consumption of clean drinking water, food, vegetables, fruits, etc

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Public hygiene includes

Proper disposal of waste and excreta
Periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs, pools, cesspools and tanks
Observing standard practices of hygiene in public catering

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

For diseases such as malaria and filariasis the most important measure is to control or eliminate the vectors and their breeding places. This can be achieved by
6 measures as per NCERT

Avoiding stagnation of water in and around residential areas
Regular cleaning of household coolers
Use of mosquito nets
Introducing fishes like Gambusia in ponds that feed on mosquito larvae
Spraying of insecticides in ditches, drainage areas and swamps, etc
The doors and windows should be provided with wire mesh to prevent the entry of mosquitoes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A large number of other infectious diseases have been controlled to a large extent by the use of vaccines
Name some 4

Polio
Diphtheria
Pneumonia
Tetanus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Statement 1: Innate immunity is non-specific type of defence, that is present at the time of birth
Statement 2: This is accomplished by providing different types of barriers to the entry of the foreign agents into our body and consist of four types of barriers

Both are correct

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Physical barriers :

Skin on our body is the main barrier which prevents entry of the micro-organisms.
Mucus coating of the epithelium lining the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts also help in trapping microbes entering our body.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Physiological barriers :

Acid in the stomach
Saliva in the mouth
Tears from eyes
Lactic acid in vagina

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cellular barriers :

Certain types of leukocytes (WBC) of our body like polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL-neutrophils) and monocytes and natural killer (type of lymphocytes) in the blood as well as macrophages in tissues can phagocytose and destroy microbes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Virus-infected cells secrete proteins called……… which protect non-infected cells from further viral infection. This is a kind of……….

interferons Cytokine barriers

Statement 1: When body encounters a pathogen for the first time it produces a response called primary response which is of low intensity. Statement 2: Subsequent encounter with the same pathogen elicits a highly intensified secondary or anamnestic response

Both are correct

Assertion:An antibody is represented as H2L2 Reason: Each antibody molecule has four peptide chains, two small called light chains and two longer called heavy chains

Both are correct and correct explanation

The body is able to differentiate ‘self’ and ‘nonself’ and the………… immune response is responsible for the graft rejection

cell-mediated

State immunoglobulin classes

IgG= Maximum in amount and can cross placenta IgA=secretory and present in tears COLOSTRUM saliva IgM= pentamer largest in size work during blood transfusion IgE= Minimum amount work in allergy and helminth infection IgD

When a host is exposed to antigens, which may be in the form of living or dead microbes or other proteins, antibodies are produced in the host body. This type of immunity is called………

active immunity

When ready-made antibodies are directly given to protect the body against foreign agents, it is called……

passive immunity.

The yellowish fluid colostrum secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation has abundant antibodies…….to protect the infant

IgA

The foetus doesn’t receive any antibodies from their mother, through the placenta during pregnancy

False IgG type cross placenta and are given to foetus

Statement 1: In vaccination, a preparation of antigenic proteins of pathogen or inactivated/weakened pathogen (vaccine) are introduced into the body Statement 2: The principle of immunisation or vaccination is based on the property of ‘memory’ of the immune system.

Both are correct

Recombinant DNA technology has allowed the production of antigenic……….. of pathogen in bacteria or yeast

polypeptides Vaccines produced using this approach allow large scale production and hence greater availability for immunisation

The hepatitis B vaccine is produced using…………..species of yeast commonly known as…….

Saccharomyces cerevisiae baker's yeast or brewers yeast

The antibodies produced to allergies are of….. type

IgE

Symptoms of allergic reactions include (4)

sneezing watery eyes running nose difficulty in breathing.

Allergy is due to the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin from the……

mast cells

The use of drugs like…./…/…. quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy

anti-histamine adrenalin steroids

Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in higher……. based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms from self-cells

vertebrates

The human immune system consists of

lymphoid organs tissue cells soluble molecules like antibodies.

The primary lymphoid organs are……../……. where immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen-sensitive lymphocytes

bone marrow and thymus

After maturation the lymphocytes migrate to secondary lymphoid organs like

spleen lymph nodes tonsils Peyer’s patches of small intestine and appendix

The……….. organs provide the sites for interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen, which then proliferate to become effector cells.

secondary lymphoid

Both……/……provide micro-environments for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes

bone-marrow and thymus

The spleen is a large bean-shaped organ. State some of its function

It mainly contains lymphocytes and phagocytes Acts as a filter of the blood by trapping blood-borne micro-organisms. Spleen also has a large reservoir of erythrocytes

The lymph nodes are small solid structures located at different points along the lymphatic system.

Serve to trap the micro-organisms or other antigens, which happen to get into the lymph and tissue fluid. Antigens trapped in the lymph nodes are responsible for the activation of lymphocytes present there and cause the immune response.

There is lymphoid tissue also located within the lining of the…….. And are referred to as…………. And constitutes about ………. of the lymphoid tissue in human body.

major tracts Like Respiratory/Digestive/Urogenital mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) 50%

The word AIDS stands for……

Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.

AIDS was first reported in……. and in the last twenty-five years or so it has spread all over the world killing more than 25 million persons.

1981

AIDS is caused by the Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV), a member of a group of viruses called……

retrovirus

Statement 1: There is always a time-lag between the infection and appearance of AIDS symptoms. Statement 2:This period may vary from a few months to many years (usually 5-10 years).

Both are correct

Statement 1: After getting into the body of the person, the virus enters into macrophages where RNA genome of the virus replicates to form viral DNA Statement 2: This gets incorporated into host cell’s DNA and directs the infected cells to produce virus particles

Both are correct

Simultaneously HIV enters into…….replicates and produce progeny viruses

helper T-lymphocytes (TH)

During this period (decrease in the number of helper T-lymphocytes in the body) the person suffers from bouts of fever, diarrhoea and weight loss

True

Infections that invade while AIDS

Mycobacterium Viruses Fungi Parasites like Toxoplasma

A widely used diagnostic test for AIDS is….

enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) .

………………………. and other non-governmental organisation (NGOs) are doing a lot to educate people about AIDS

National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO)

More than a……… Indians suffer from cancer and a large number of them die from it annually

million

Normal cells show a property called………… by virtue of which contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled growth.

contact inhibition

Cells sloughed from malignant tumors reach distant sites through blood, and wherever they get lodged in the body, they start a new tumor there. This property is referred to as

Metastasis

In……….. a piece of the suspected tissue cut into thin sections is stained and examined under microscope (histopathological studies) by a pathologist.

biopsy

Techniques like……/……/…….are very useful to detect cancers of the internal organs.

radiography (use of X-rays), CT (computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Computed tomography uses…….. to generate a three-dimensional image of the internals of an object

X-rays

MRI uses strong magnetic fields and……… radiations to accurately detect pathological and physiological changes in the living tissue.

non-ionising

Statement 1: Techniques of molecular biology can be applied to detect genes in individuals with inherited susceptibility to certain cancers Statement 2: Identification of such genes, which predispose an individual to certain cancers, may be very helpful in prevention of cancers

Both are correct

Statement 1: In radiotherapy, tumor cells are irradiated lethally, taking proper care of the normal tissues surrounding the tumor mass Statement 2: Several chemotherapeutic drugs are used to kill cancerous cells. Some of these are specific for particular tumors.

Both are correct

Majority of drugs have side effects like ……../…….

hair loss & anemia

Assertion: The patients are given substances called biological response modifiers such as α-interferon which activates their immune system and helps in destroying the tumor Reason: Tumor cells have been shown to avoid detection and destruction by immune system

Both are correct and correct explanation

The drugs, which are commonly abused are

opioids cannabinoids coca alkaloids.

Opioids are the drugs which Bind to specific opioid receptors present in our…………/………..

central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract.

Heroin commonly called……. is chemically………… which is a white, odourless, bitter crystalline compound

smack diacetylmorphine

Acetylation of morphine produces

Smack or heroine

Morphine is extracted from latex of poppy plant

Papaver somniferum

Heroin is ………. And slows down ………… it is generally taken by……./…….

Depressant Body functions snorting and injection

Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals which interact with cannabinoid receptors present principally in the

brain

Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of the plant…….

Cannabis sativa

Name some Cannabinoids

Marijuana Hashish Charas Ganja The flower tops, leaves and the resin of cannabis plant are used in various combinations to produce them

Cannabinoids taken by inhalation and oral ingestion and are known for their effects on……….of the body .

cardiovascular system

Coca alkaloid or cocaine is obtained from coca plant………

Erythroxylum coca

Erythroxylum coca is native to.

South America

Cocaine, commonly called…../…. is usually snorted and interferes with the transport of the neuro-transmitter…….

coke or crack dopamine

Excessive dosage of cocaine causes…….

hallucinations

Other well-known plants with hallucinogenic properties are…../…..

Atropa belladona and Datura

Cannabinoids are never abused by some sportspersons.

False cannabinoids are also being abused by some sportspersons.

Drugs like…./…/… and other similar drugs, that are normally used as medicines to help patients cope with mental illnesses like depression and insomnia, are often abused

barbiturates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines,

………….is a very effective sedative and painkiller, and is very useful in patients who have undergone surgery

Morphine

Tobacco has been used by human beings for more than…… years.

400

…………. stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor-adrenaline into blood circulation, both of which raise blood pressure and increase heart rate

Nicotine

Smoking is associated with increased incidence of

cancers of lung, urinary bladder and throat bronchitis emphysema coronary heart disease gastric ulcer

Tobacco chewing is associated with increased risk of cancer of the oral cavity.

True

Assertion: Smoking causes deficiency of oxygen in body Reason: Smoking increases carbon monoxide (CO) content in blood and reduces the concentration of haembound oxygen.

Both are correct and correct explanation

Dependence is the tendency of the body to manifest a characteristic and unpleasant………. if regular dose of drugs/alcohol is abruptly discontinued

withdrawal syndrome

Excessive doses of drugs may lead to coma and death due to (3) things

respiratory failure, heart failure or cerebral hemorrhage

A combination of drugs or their intake along with alcohol generally results in overdosing and even deaths

True

The most common warning signs of drug and alcohol abuse among youth include

Drop in academic performance Unexplained absence from school/college Lack of interest in personal hygiene Withdrawal, isolation Depression Ftigue Aggressive and rebellious behaviour Deteriorating relationships with family and friends Loss of interest in hobbies Change in sleeping and eating habits Fluctuations in weight, appetite

Those who take drugs intravenously (direct injection into the vein using a needle and syringe), are much more likely to acquire serious infections like……../……

AIDS and Hepatitis B

The chronic use of drugs and alcohol damages nervous system and liver ie known as…….

cirrhosis

They (mis)use narcotic ……../……./……../…….in sports

Analgesics Anabolic steroids Diuretics Certain hormones

The sportspersons misuse drugs to

increase muscle strength and bulk and to promote aggressiveness and as a result increase athletic performance

The side-effects of the use of anabolic steroids in females include

masculinisation (features like males) Increased aggressiveness Mood swings Depression Abnormal menstrual cycles Excessive hair growth on the face and body Enlargement of clitoris Deepening of voice

In males it includes

Acne Increased aggressiveness Mood swings Depression Reduction of size of the testicles Decreased sperm production Potential for kidney and liver dysfunction Breast enlargement Premature baldness Enlargement of the prostate gland

These effects may be permanent with prolonged use. In the adolescent male or female, severe facial and body acne, and premature closure of the growth centres of the long bones may result in stunted growth

True

Human Health Flashcards

(104 cards)