Body Organization and the Integumentary System Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
What is a tissue?
A
A group of cells of similar type that work together to
serve a common function
2
Q
What are the 4 primary tissue types in humans?
A
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
3
Q
Epithelial tissue ____ the body surfaces
A
Covers
4
Q
epithelial tissue lines ____ and ______
A
Cavities and organs
5
Q
Epithelial tissue forms ____
A
Glands
6
Q
What is an apical surface?
A
A free surface that may be specialized for protection,
secretion, or absorption
7
Q
What is a basement membrane?
A
binds the epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue and helps the
epithelial tissue resist stretching
8
Q
The three basic shapes of epithelial cells are?
A
- Squamous epithelium
- Cuboidal epithelium
- Columnar epithelium
9
Q
Simple Squamous epithelium has one layer of ____ cells
A
flattened
10
Q
Simple Squamous epithelium location?
A
Lines blood vessels and alveoli (lungs)
11
Q
Simple Squamous epithelium function?
A
Allows for diffusion of materials
12
Q
Stratified Squamous epithelium has ______ layer of flattened cells
A
multiple
13
Q
Stratified Squamous epithelium function
A
protection
14
Q
Stratified Squamous epithelium location
A
on surface of skin, lining of mouth, esophagus, and vagina
15
Q
Cuboidal epithelium has ____ shaped cells
A
cubed
16
Q
Cuboidal epithelium specialized function
A
for secretion and absorption
17
Q
Cuboidal epithelium Location
A
Lines the tubules in kidneys and in ovaries
and glands.
18
Q
Columnar epithelium has tall, _____ shaped cells
A
Column
19
Q
Columnar epithelium Specialized function
A
secretion and absorption
20
Q
Columnar epithelium Lines the ________, _______ and the
____
A
small intestine, respiratory tract and the
uterus.
21
Q
A gland is composed of _____ epithelial tissue
that secretes a product
A
cuboidal
22
Q
______ glands secrete into ducts leading to body
surfaces, cavities, or organs
A
Exocrine
23
Q
_________ glands lack ducts and secrete their
products, hormones, into spaces just outside the cells
but in the body
A
Endocrine
24
Q
Connective tissues functions:
A
stabilize, bind and support other tissues.
25
Cells in connective tissue are usually separated
| from each other by _______
extracellular material
26
fibers, carbohydrates are examples of ______
extracellular material
27
______ tissue cells secrete this
| extracellular material.
connective
28
_________ tissue is the most abundant and widely
| distributed tissue in the body
Connective
29
_______ connective tissue (areolar connective tissue,
adipose tissue) - Contains many cells and fewer,
loosely woven fibers
Loose
30
_______ connective tissue - (in ligaments, tendons,
| dermis) Made of tightly woven fibers
Dense
31
What cells are found in the cartilage?
Chondrocytes
32
Where are chondrocytes located?
Lacunae
33
Where is cartilage located?
nose, ends of long bones, ribs, in joints,
outer ear, and between the vertebrae in the
backbone.
34
What is the function of cartilage?
support and protection (cushioning)
35
Bone is ____ connective tissue
Rigid
36
```
Bone is made of hard matrix (strength) and protein fibers
including _____ (strength and flexibility)
```
Collagen
37
A bone cell is called?
Osteocyte
38
Bone cells are found in the ____
Lacunae
39
What are the functions of bone?
1. Protects and supports internal structures
2. Facilitates movement along with muscles
3. Stores lipids, calcium, and phosphorus
4. Produces blood cells
40
What are the cells in areolar connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
41
What are the protein fibers fibroblasts secrete?
Collagen and elastic fibers
42
What are the functions of areolar connective tissue?
Bind and Support
43
_____ connective tissue stores triglycerides?
Adipose
44
Adipose connective tissue stores _____
Triglycerides
45
Adipose connective tissue functions:
energy storage, insulation, cushioning for organs
46
Adipose Connective Tissue Location:
under skin, around kidneys and
| heart
47
What cells are in dense connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
48
Dense Connective Tissues Locations:
Tendons, Ligaments
49
Dense Connective Tissues Functions:
Attach bone to bone (ligaments)
| Attach muscle to bone (tendons)
50
_______ is a liquid matrix of plasma, where elements of red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are
suspended
Blood
51
Blood transports various substances dissolved in _____
plasma
52
______ transports nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes;
| fights infections
blood
53
Muscle tissue function:
Body movement
| Movement of fluids through the body
54
Nervous tissue function
Conducts nerve impulses through the body
55
Three types of muscle tissue that vary in structure,
| location, and whether voluntary or involuntary :
* Skeletal
* Cardiac
* Smooth
56
Nervous tissue makes up the _____, ______, and
| _______
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
57
Nervous tissues consists of two types of cells:
neurons and neuroglia
58
________ Generate nerve impulses and conduct them to other
| neurons, muscle cells, or glands
Neurons
59
______ Support, insulate, and protect neurons
Neuroglia
60
Three types of cell attachments between cells:
Tight junctions, Gap Junctions, Adhesion junctions
61
_____ junctions Form a leak-proof seal
Tight
62
_____ junctions Resemble a riveted joint
Adhesion
63
____ junctions Have small holes connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent
cells
Gap
64
Tight Junctions are found :
between cells lining the urinary tract and intestines
65
Adhesion junctions are found:
Found between skin cells
66
Gap junctions are found:
Found between cardiac muscle cells
67
____ junctions are found in the digestive tract
Tight
68
_____ junctions hold adjacent cells together and allow tissues to be flexible
Adhesion
69
____ junctions are found in the skin
Adhesion
70
_____ junctions are channels between cells allowing rapid communication due to quick transfer of ions and small molecules between neighboring cells
Gap
71
____ junctions are found in the heart muscle
Gap
72
Which junction allows rapid communication between neighboring cells
1. Tight
2. Adhesion
3. Gap
Gap
73
Which junction prevent substances from leaking across tissues
1. Tight
2. Adhering
3. Gap
Tight
74
_____ is composed of two or more different tissues that work
together to perform a specific function
Organs
75
______ are composed of organs with a common function
Organ system
76
There are _____ major organ systems in the human
| body
11
77
membranes are sheets of ______ supported by _____
| tissues
Epithelial, connective
78
membranes cover ______ and ______
body cavities and organ surfaces.
79
______ membranes line passageways that open to
| the exterior of the body
Mucous
80
______ membranes line the thoracic and abdominal
| cavities and the organs within them
serous
81
______ membranes line the cavities of freely
| movable joints
Synovial
82
______ membrane, skin, covers the outside of
| the body
Cutaneous
83
There are _____ main body cavities
Two
84
The ventral cavity is _____ cavity and _____ cavity separated by the
_____
Thoracic, abdominal, diaphragm
85
The cranial cavity and the spinal cavity are contained in the ____ cavity
Dorsal
86
The integumentary system is composed of:
The skin and accessories
87
What are the accessories of the skin?
```
Hair
Nails
Sweat glands
Oil glands
Wax glands
```
88
The _____ is our largest organ
Skin
89
Functions of the skin:
```
• Protects against bacterial invasion, UV radiation,
and physical and chemical stress
• Prevents water loss
• Regulates body temperature
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Receives stimuli
```
90
The skin synthesizes vitamin ____
D
91
What are the layers of the skin?
Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
92
Thin outer layer of the skin is called ?
Epidermis
93
The thicker inner layer containing nerves, blood vessels,
| and glands is called the _____
Dermis
94
True or false the hypodermis is part of the skin
False, it is NOT part of the skin
95
The layer of loose connective tissue just below the
| epidermis and dermis is called the _____
Hypodermis
96
The outer surface of the epidermis is made up of ______
dead skin cells
97
The deepest layer of the epidermis is composed of ______
Rapidly dividing cells
98
Where do the protective properties of the epidermis come from?
Keratin
99
What are melanocytes?
cells that produce the pigment melanin which protects the skin from UV radiation
100
The dermis consists primarily of _______ tissue
Connective
101
The ______ has blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles
Dermis
102
____ and _____ are found in the lower layer of the dermis
Collagen and elastic fibers
103
____ and _____ allows the skin to stretch and return to its
| original shape
Collagen and elastic fibers
104
Hypodermis also called ______ level
subcutaneous
105
______ anchors skin to the tissues of other organ systems
| that lie beneath
Hypodermis
106
______ are sheets of hard keratinized cells forming a
| protective covering for the fingers and toes.
Nails
107
What are nails?
sheets of hard keratinized cells forming a
| protective covering for the fingers and toes.
108
______ are found in the dermis and where sebum is released to lubricate the hair.
hair follicles
109
What are hair follicles?
found in the dermis and where sebum is released to lubricate the hair.
110
Where are hair follicles found?
Dermis
111
______ play a role in modifying body
temperature and have ducts that lead to a pore at
the surface of the skin.
Sweat glands
112
What are sweat glands?
play a role in modifying body temperature and have ducts that lead to a pore at the surface of the skin.
113
What are sebaceous glands?
secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair.
114
______ secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair
Sebaceous glands
115
These cells found in skin produce pigments
1. Chondrocytes
2. Melanocytes
3. Fibroblasts
4. Osteocytes
2. Melanocytes
116
The ________ and ______ system, are mostly responsible for internal
communication
nervous and endocrine systems
117
Homeostasis is maintained primarily through ________
negative feedback mechanisms
118
What is a negative feedback mechanism?
• Corrective measures that slow or reverse variation
from a normal value
• Once the normal value is reached, corrective
measures cease
119
What is positive feedback mchanism?
Cause a change that promotes continued change in
| the same direction
120
"Once the normal value is reached, corrective measures cease"
Is this statement a description of a positive or a negative feedback mechanism?
Negative
121
Three components of Homeostatic mechanisms:
Receptor, control center, effector
122
a _____ detects a change in the internal or
| external environment
Receptor
123
The _____ integrates the information coming from all receptors and selects an
appropriate response
Control center
124
The brain is an example of which of the 3 homeostatic mechanisms?
Control Center
125
The ____ carries out the response
Effector
126
A muscle or gland is an example of which of the 3 homeostatic mechanisms?
Effector
127
Regulating body temperature is an example of which of the two feedback mechanisms
Negative
128
In the negative feedback mechanism of regulating body temperature what acts as the receptor, control center, and effector?
• Receptors = thermoreceptors
• Control center = hypothalamus, a region of the brain
• Effectors = sweat glands, blood vessels in the skin,
as well as skeletal muscles
129
These epithelial tissues are found in the kidney tubules: simple ________ epithelium.
A. squamous
B. columnar
C. cuboidal
C. cuboidal
130
These simple epithelial tissues have a specialized function of diffusion:
A. columnar
B. squamous
C. cuboidal
B. squamous
131
```
Glands that lack ducts and secrete hormones are called ________.
A. exocrine
B. endocrine
C. scent
D. mammary
```
B. endocrine
132
```
Which cells found are found in cartilage?
A. melanocytes
B. osteocytes
C. chondrocytes
D. fibroblasts
```
C. chondrocytes
133
Which cell to cell junction prevents substances from leaking across tissues?
A. gap
B. tight
C. adhesion
B. tight
134
Which cell to cell junction is found in a high concentration in heart muscle?
A. adhesion
B. gap
C. tight
B. gap
135
```
Which membranes line the passageways that open to the exterior of the body, including those of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems in the body?
A. basement
B. mucous
C. cutaneous
D. serous
```
B. mucous
136
```
Which of the following cavities contains the heart?
A. pleural cavity
B. abdominal cavity
C. thoracic cavity
D. cranial cavity
```
C. thoracic cavity
137
```
Your skin is important in producing which of the following vitamins?
A. vitamin A
B. vitamin D
C. vitamin B
D. vitamin C
```
B. vitamin D
138
Which layer of skin is a thin outer layer comprised of stratified squamous epithelial tissue?
A. dermis
B. hypodermis
C. epidermis
C. epidermis
139
```
The pigment that accumulates in the skin and protects you from sun damage is ________.
A. sebum
B. melanin
C. carcinoma
D. melanocyte
```
B. melanin
140
```
The sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles produce ________.
A. androgens
B. sweat
C. sebum
D. keratin
```
C. sebum
141
```
The ability of the human body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment is known as ________.
A. stabilization
B. positive feedback
C. homeostasis
D. regulation
```
C. homeostasis
142
```
The control center for maintaining a constant internal temperature is the:
A. cerebrum
B. hypothalamus
C. hippocampus
D. cerebellum
```
B. hypothalamus
