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Review For Exam 2 > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

As a cell grows larger, the surface area: volume ratio
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Stays the same

A

Decreases

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2
Q

Can calcium (ca2+) pass freely through the membrane?

A

No

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3
Q

Is glucose polar or nonpolar?

A

Polar

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4
Q

Can glucose pass freely through the membrane?

A

No

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5
Q

Can water pass freely the through the membrane?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Can gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide pass freely?

A

Yes

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7
Q

If a transport protein is used to move glucose using a concentration gradientit is called

A

Facilitated diffusion

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8
Q

If i put a red blood cell in a beaker with a very high salt concentration what would happen
A. The water would leave the cell, and the cell would shrink
B. The water would enter the cell and the cell would swell and eventually burst

A

A

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9
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A membrane bound compartment

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10
Q

All cells have a ______

A

Plasma membrane

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11
Q

Only _______ (Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic)cells have organelles

A

Eukaryotic

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12
Q

Prokaryotic cells like archaea and bacteria don’t have a nucleus or organelles but they do have ________

A

Ribosomes

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13
Q

Where is DNA found in prokaryotic cells?

A

Cytoplasm

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14
Q

DNA is found in the nucleus in _____ cells

A

Eukaryotic

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15
Q

The small size of cells is dictated by a physical relationship known as the ________

A

surface area to volume ratio

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16
Q

As a cell gets larger its surface area _______ much more slowly than its volume

A

increases

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17
Q

True of False: Surface area grows at an equal rate as the volume

A

False, surface area does not grow as fast as the volume

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18
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

Outer boundary of the cell that controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

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19
Q

The cell membrane is ______

A

Semi permeable

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20
Q

What is the layer of the plasma membrane called?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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21
Q

What does the phospholipid bilayer do?

A

separates the extracellular fluid from the material inside the cell

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22
Q

______, ______, and carbohydrates are also part of the plasma membrane and give it the qualities of a fluid mosaic

A

Proteins, cholesterol

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23
Q

The plasma membrane has qualities that make it a _____

A

Fluid mosaic

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24
Q

the phospholipid bilayer has a ______ head and a _____ lipid portion

A

Polar, nonpolar

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25
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
1. ) maintain structural integrity 2. ) regulate movement of substances into and out of the cell 3. ) provide recognition between cells 4. ) provide communication between cells 5. ) stick cells together to form tissues and organs
26
The more cholesterol, the _____ it gets and it ____ movement making it less fluid
stickier, slows
27
What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
maintains proper fluidity of membrane , meaning how free the components of the membrane move around within the membrane
28
What is the function of proteins?
Transport, support, communication, recognition
29
What are glycoproteins?
chains of sugars attached to a protein
30
What is the function of glycoproteins?
attachment cells, cell recognition
31
What is a glycolipid?
Chains of sugars attached to a lipid
32
What is the function of a glycolipid?
attachment sites, cell recognition
33
What is the concentration gradient?
Difference between the concentration of a substance on each side of a membrane
34
Molecules will naturally go from an area of ____ concentration to an area of _____ concentration
high, low
35
If you add molecules to water it will ______ until it is equally distributed in the water
Dispense (diffuse)
36
A non polar molecule uses ____ to get through the membrane freely
diffusion
37
Polar molecules need _______ to cross the membrane
proteins
38
What is simple diffusion?
freely crossing the membrane
39
_____ molecules use simple diffiusion to cross the plasma membrane
Nonpolar
40
Simple diffusion goes from an area of ____ concentration to ____ concentration
high, low
41
Simple diffusion works with hydrophilic or hydrophobic molecules?
hydrophobic
42
What types of molecules can use simple diffusion to cross the plasma membrane?
Hydrophobic molecules, lipids, gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, very small and uncharged molecules (these small molecules can be polar like H2O)
43
What cannot pass freely through the plasma membrane?
Hydrophilic molecules, polar molecules, molecules bigger/larger than water, ions and other charged compounds
44
what is passive transport?
Does not require energy, uses concentration gradient going from high concentration to low conentration
45
What is active transport?
requires energy, goes against the concentration gradient from moving from low concentration to high concentration
46
What is simple diffusion?
Goes from high concentration to low concentration, gases use simple diffusion, small uncharged molecules use simple diffusion, hydrophobic (non-polar) molecules use simple diffusion
47
What is facilitated diffusion?
Glucose moves through the lipid bilayer from high concentration to low concentration with aid from a carrier protein, still controlled y concentration gradient
48
What requires facilitated diffusion?
Hydrophilic molecules like glucose and amino acids and charged molecules/ions
49
What is osmosis?
Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration
50
Water is drawn towards the _____ (higher/lower)solute concentration
higher
51
What is an example of a common carrier protein in active transport?
ATP
52
When the cell needs to transport larger things they can use ______ to transport things in and out of the cell
Vesicles
53
What is exocytosis?
Moving things out of the cell using a vesicle
54
What is endocytosis?
Moving things into the cell using a vesicle
55
What is phagocytosis?
When cells transport large particles and cells (bacteria) into the cell using vesicles
56
What is pinocytosis?
When cells transport fluids into the cell using vesicles
57
What is receptor mediated endocytosis?
When membrane receptors are involved
58
What are the major features of animal cells?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria, smooth ER, Rough ER, golgi body, vesicles, lysosomes
59
what is the function of the cytoskeleton?
gives shape, structure, transport
60
what is the function of the ribosomes?
assembling polypeptide chains
61
what is the function of the nucleus?
contains DNA
62
what is the function of the mitochondria?
energy production (ATP)
63
what is the function of the rough ER?
modifies new polypeptide chains, folding of polypeptide chains/proteins by chaperone proteins
64
what is the function of the smooth ER?
synthesizes lipids
65
what is the function of the golgi body?
modifies, sorts and ships new proteins and lipids
66
what is the function of the vesicles?
storage, transportation, digestion
67
what is the function of the lysosomes?
waste digestion
68
What are the organelles inside eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus, ER, golgi body, lysosomes, mitochondrion
69
How many DNA molecules do humans have?
46
70
How many DNA molecules do frogs have?
26
71
Chromosomes are composed of DNA wrapped | around proteins, this material is called _____
Chromatin
72
Double membrane (two different bilayers) that surrounds the nucleus is called _______
Nuclear envelope
73
dense area in the nucleus where | ribosomes are produced is called ______
Nucleolus
74
area inside the nucleus is called _____
nucleoplasm
75
DNA and its associated proteins is called _____
Chromatin
76
Ribosomes are composed of proteins and ______
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
77
The ______ ER modifies proteins that will be incorporated | into membranes or secreted by the cell
Rough
78
Phospholipids and steroids are made here
smooth ER
79
_______ ER Contains enzymes that detoxify alcohol and | some drugs
smooth
80
Vesicles from rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum bring their products to the ______ to be modified and repackaged
golgi
81
What organelle processes, sorts, re-packages | proteins and lipids, creates lysosomes?
Golgi body
82
_______ are digestion vesicles that contain strong acids and enzymes, can fuse with plasma membrane to expel waste
lysosomes
83
Which organelle Engulfs molecules and digests them, Fuses with other organelles to destroy them, Destroys bacteria?
Lysosomes
84
_____ is a hereditary disease where people don’t have a enzyme normally found in lysosomes that breaks down lipids in nerve cells.
Tay-Sachs
85
Which organelle is Bound by a double membrane
mitochondria
86
Which organelle is Important in apoptosis = planned cell death
Mitochondria
87
What are the 3 major types of cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, Microtubules (including cilia, flagella and | cenrioles), intermediate filaments
88
Examples of Microtubules?
cilia, flagella and centrioles
89
______ serve as tracks along which | organelles or vesicles move.
Microtubules
90
_______ Aid in cell division by separating chromosomes
microtubules
91
______ are numerous short extensions in a cell that | move back and forth
cillia
92
______ are longer than cilia and move in an | undulating manner
Flagella
93
______ are microtubule organizing centers
Centrioles
94
Functions of Microfillaments?
1. Important function in muscle contraction 2. Responsible for the creeping movement using pseudopodia 3. Role in dividing cells during cell division
95
Intermediate filaments are _____ in the cell
Permanent
96
______ are A diverse group of ropelike fibers
Intermediate filaments
97
What is the function of intermediate fillaments?
maintain cell shape and anchor | organelles
98
Cilia is made of what type of cytoskeleton?
microtubules
99
What type of cytoskeleton divides the cytoplasm | during cell division?
microtubules

Review For Exam 2 (3 decks)

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