Body Organs Flashcards
(359 cards)
1
Q
What are the vital organs?
A
heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and spleen
2
Q
What does the brain do?
A
It is the control center. It forms the core of the central nervous system by creating, sending, and processing nerve impulses thoughts emotions and more
3
Q
What are the 3 parts that make up the brain?
A
the cerebrum - the cerebellum - and the brainstem
4
Q
What are the major areas of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
A
The medulla -the pons - the spinal cord- the parietal lobe - the frontal lobe - the occipital lobe - the temporal lobes
5
Q
What does the “medulla” do?
A
Lowest part of the brain stem. It hel[s control heart and lung function.
6
Q
What do the “pons” do?
A
Located above the brainstem. Helps control eye and facial movement
7
Q
what does the “spinal cord” do
A
Extended from the base of the brain and down the center of the back. It helps with automatic functions, such as reflexes.
8
Q
What does the parietal lobe do?
A
In the middle of the brain. Supports the identification of objects and spatial reasoning. Plays a role in interpreting touch and pain signals.
9
Q
What does the frontal lobe do?
A
located at the front of the head. It plays a role in many conscious functions, including personality and movement. Also interpret smells
10
Q
What does the “occipital Lobe’ do?
A
Near the back of the head. and interprets vision signals.
11
Q
What does the temporal lobe do and where is it located?
A
either side of the brain. Play a role in several things - speech, scent recognition, and short-term memory.
12
Q
What is the hearts function?
A
helps deliver blood to the body
13
Q
The heart valves are:
A
tricuspid - pulmonary - mitral - aortic
14
Q
What are the lungs functions?
A
work with the heart to oxygenate blood - help the body take in air, filter it, and then oxygenate the blood
15
Q
What are the parts of the lungs?
A
left and right bronchi m- alveoli - blood vessels
16
Q
What is the function of the liver?
A
Releases bile into the gallbladder. Helps convert nutrients into useable substances, detoxifies certain substances, and filters blood coming from the digestive tract through a vein before it joins venous blood flow from other parts of the body.
17
Q
What is the function of the kidneys?
A
They help filter blood and remove waste from the body.
18
Q
What is the ‘gallbladder’
A
an organ that contains cholesterol, bile salts, bile, and bilirubin. It receives bile from the liver, stores it, and then sends it down to the common bile duct into the small intestine to aid digestion.
19
Q
What is the “pancreas” and its purpose
A
Functions both as an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland - produces enzymes a person needs to help digest their food and convert it into energy. - it also produces and releases insulin which helps the body removes glucose from the blood and convert it into energy.
20
Q
What is an endocrine and exocrine gland? The difference
A
The key difference between the two types is that, whereas exocrine glands secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface, endocrine glands secrete products directly into the bloodstream
21
Q
What are the parts of the intestines and the purpose of them?
A
help filter out waste, absorb water and certain electrolytes, and digest food. 3 parts are the 1st part duodenum, the 2nd the jejunum, and 3rd the ileum.
22
Q
What is the Nervous System?
A
The brain and spinal cord are from the central nervous system - which works to process and send nerve signals, interpret information and produce conscious thought.
23
Q
Central Nervous System VS Peripheral Nervous System?
A
The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.
24
Q
What is “the integumentary system”?
A
Hair, nails, skin, fat
25
What is the "epidermis"?
Outer layer of the skin - made up of squamous cells - then under that basal cells
26
What is the Dermis?
middle layer of the skin - located under epidermis - contains blood vessals lymph vessels, hair, sweat glands, nerves etc
27
What is the subcutaneous fat layer?
the deepest layer of the skin. It helps keep the body warm and reduces the risk of injury by absorbing heavy blows
28
Anatomy of the skin ( what are the 5 layers )
stratum basale.
stratum spinosum.
stratum granulosum.
stratum lucidum.
stratum corneum.
29
What do "melanocytes" do?
produce melanin, which is skin pigment.
30
What is the function of the skeletal muscle
The main functions of skeletal muscle are to contract to produce movement, sustain body posture and position, maintain body temperature, store nutrients, and stabilize joints.
31
What is the function of the cardiac muscles?
helps the heart pump blood.
32
what is the function of smooth muscle?
smooth muscle is used in vessels to maintain blood pressure and flow;
33
What is the function of your immune system?
helps the body prevent infections and fights them off when they do occur.
34
What is the function of the circulatory system?
Circulate the bloo throughtout the body
35
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
It helps maintain the body's balance of fluids by collecting excess fluid and other particles from the blood.
36
What is the function of the muscular system?
muscles are responsible for body movement, stabilizing joints, producing heat.
37
Skeletal Muscles are made up of
skeletal muscle fibers
38
Define "fascicles"
they are connected or bound with other fascicles by an even tougher over coat of connective tissue 'epimysium'
39
Tendons function
providing durability and conserving space
40
What are cardiac muscle fibers
branching cells joined by special gap called "intercalated discs"
41
Skeletal Muscle functions
maintain posture - stabilzes joints - generate heat
42
Define Sarcdemma
specilized cell membrane which surrounds striated muscle fiber cells
43
Define Myofibers and the types
alternating light and dark giving a striated appearance - myofibrils are actually chains of tiny contra ule units called sarcomere
44
Myofilaments
a filament within a myofibril constructed by proteins
45
Thick filaments
myosin heads form cross bridges and link think and think filaments together
46
Define Neurotransmitter
chemical released by nerons that may, upon binding to receptors of nerons or effector cells, stimulate or inhit them
47
3 pathways to regenerate ATP
1 direct phosphorylation of ATP by creatine phosphate 2 aerobic pathway and 3 anerobic glycolysis and latic acid formation
48
Define Oxygen deficit
volume of oxygen required after excerise to oxidize the lactic acid formed during excersise
49
Define Isotonic Contractions
refers to "same tone" the muscle shorten as it contracts and movement occers
50
Define Isometric contractions
Refers to "same length" the muscle generates tension but doesnt short and no movement occurs
51
Defne Atrophy
a reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disaster or lack of use
52
Define "Origin"
muscle attachment that is not moveable or less moveable than insertion
53
Define "Insertion"
Moveable attachment of muscle as opposed to its orgins
54
Flexion vs Extension vs Hyperextension
flexion is opposite of extension and vise versa hyper is over bending the arm
55
Define Rotation
Movement of a bone around the longitudinal axis
56
Define Abduction
is moving a limb away from the midline
57
Define Adduction
Is moving a limb towards the midline
58
Define Circumduction
ball and socket joints (shoulder) - a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
59
Define "dorsiflexion and planter flexion"
up and down movements of foot at the ankle
60
Define Inversion and eversion
Inver - turn foot sole medially
Evert- turn foot sole laterlly
61
Define Superination and Pronation
turning backward - super
turning foreward - pro
62
Define Prime Mover
the muscle that does the majority of moving of a muscle
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Antagonist
Muscles that oppose or reverse a movement of the prime mover
64
Define Synergist
helps the prime mover by producing the same movements or by reducing undesirable movements
65
Define Fixators
specialized synergists hold the bone still or stabilize the origin or a prime mover so all the tension can be used to move insertion bone
66
The seven critera used to name muscles
1- direction
2- size
3- location
4-number of origins
5- shape
6-action of muscles
7-location of origin and insertions
67
Arrangments of fasicles
circular
convergent
fusion
parallel
multipennate
bipennate
unipennate
68
What is the fontalis
the soft spot on a babies head
69
what is the orbicularis oculi
a muscle located in the eyelid
70
what is the buccinator?
a bilateral square-shaped muscle constituting the mobile and adaptable cheek area.
71
What is the zygomatimus?
muscle extending from the corner of the mouth to the cheekbone
72
what is the masseter?
one of the four muscles responsible for the action of mastication (chewing).
73
what is the temporalis?
a thin, fan-shaped muscle situated within the temporal fossa of the skull.
74
What is the Platysma?
single muscle that covers the anterolateral neck
75
What is the Sternocleidomastoid?
both sides of the neck
76
What are trunk muscles?
muscles that move the vertical column
anterior thorax muscle moves ribs head and arms
muscles on abdominal wall
77
What are anterior muscles
muscles crossing shoulder joint causing movement and muscles of the abdominal wall
78
Where is Pectoralis Major?
covering upper part of chest
79
Where are intercostal muscles
covering the upper part of the chest
80
What are the muscles of the abdominal girdle?
they reinforce the body's trunk
pyramidalis, rectus abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques, and transversus abdominis
81
What is the trapezius?
the muscle that extends the head
82
Where is the Latissimus Dorsi
covers the lower back - extends and adducts the humerous
83
Where is the Erector spinea
deep back muscles - act as a powerful back extension
84
Where is the Quadratus Lumborum?
the muscle that forms part of the posterior abdominal wall - flexes the spine laterally and extends the lumber spine
85
Where is the Deltoid?
it forms rounded shape of the shoulders and is a prime mover of arm abduction
86
Where is Biceps Branchii and what does it do?
orginates by 2 heads from the shoulder girlde and inserts into the radial tuberosity -it is a powerful prime mover of flexion and acts to turn or hold the foreman and lift radius
87
Where is the brachialis? What does it do?
lies deep to the bisceps - prime mover of the elbow
88
Where is the brachioradialis
inserts into distal forearm
89
Where is Triceps Branchii and what does it do?
3 heads arise to form shoulder girdles and proximal humerus - inserts into olecranon process of ulna - powerful prime mover of elbow extension - antagonist of biceps and brachialis
90
Where is Gluteus Maximus and what does it do?
forms most of the flesh of the butt - a powerful hip extensor that acts to bring the thigh in a straight line with the pelvis
91
What is the importance of Gluteus Medius?
abductor and is important in steadying the pelvis during walking
92
What is the hamstring?
forming mass of posterior thigh
93
Define Muscular Dystrophy.
A group of inherited muscle-destroying cells that affect specific muscle groups
94
What is the Autonomic System?
regulates events that are automatic or involuntary
95
Astocytes
are most abdundant and versatile neuroglia
96
Microglical Cells
are phaocytes that defend CNS
97
Ependymel Cells
line cerebrospinal fluid filled cavities
98
Oligodendrocytes
have processes that form myeline sheaths around CNS nerve fibers
99
Staillette Cells and Schwann Cells
which form around neuron in PNS
100
Define Dentrites
branching extensions of neurons that carry electrical signals to the cell body, the receptive portion of the cell
101
Define Axon
Neuron process that carries impulses away from the cell nerve body
the effector process, the conducting portion of a nerve cell
102
Define Axon Terminals
ONe of multiple ends of axons that branch from the motor neuron axon - intracts with the sarcollema of different muscle cells to form neruomusclar junctions
103
Define Axon Hillock
Lonelike region of cell body
104
Define Neurotransmitters
Chemical released by neurons that may upon binding to receptors of neurons or effector cells, stimulate or inhibit them
105
Define Synaptic Cleft
fluid filled gap at a synapse between neurons
106
Define Synapse
the region of communications between neurons or a neuromuscular neuron or a neuromuscular junction between neuron and muscle cell
107
Define Myelin Sheaths
tight protective level tight coil wrapped memebrance in CNS
108
Define Schwann Cells
same as myelin sheets but in PNS not CNS
109
Define Rodes of Ranvier
a gap in the myelin sheath of nerve, between adjacent schwamm cells
110
Define Ganglia
sall collection of cell bodies found outside of NErvous system
111
White Matter VS Grey Matter
The gray area of cns contains UN-myelinated nerve fibers and nerve cell bodys AND the white substance of CNS the myelinated nerve fibers
112
Define Sensory Neurons
neurons in the nervous system that convert a specific type of stimulus via their receptors
113
Define Receptors
Periphal Nerve ending specilized for response to a particular type of stimulli AND a molecule that binds speciffically with other molecules
114
Define Proprioceptar
a receptor located in a muscle or tendon, concerned with locomotion, posture, and muscle tone
115
Define Motor Neurons
Neurons carrying impulses from CNS to the viscera and/or muscles and glands
116
Define Interneurons
completes the pathway between afferent and efferent neurons
117
Define Multipolar Neurons
Structural class of neurons with more than 2 processes extending from the cell body
118
Define Bipolar
Neurons with 2 processes 1 axon and 1 dentrite
119
Define Unipolar
Structural class with one process extending from the cell body
120
Define Irritability
the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert into a nerve impulse
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Define Conductivity
The ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles and glands
122
Define Polarized
plasma membrane or a resting or inactive neuron - meaning fewer positive ions sitting on the inner face or neurons plasma membrance
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Define Depolarized
the loss of a state of polarity, the loss of negative charge inside the plasma membrane
124
Define Graded potential
A local change in membrane potential that varies directly with the strength of the stimulus declines with distance
125
Define Action Potential
an electrical event occurring when a stimulus of sufficient intensity is applied to a neuron or muscle cell, allowing sodium ions to move into the cell and reverse the polarity
126
Define Nerve Impulse
A self-propagating wave of depolarization also called ACTION POTENTIAL
127
Define Repolarized
restoration of the membrane potentail
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Define Reflexes
rapid predictable and involuntary response to stimuli
129
Define Reflex Arc
involved in CNS and PNS - reflexes occur over neural pathways
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Define Autonomic Reflexes
regulate the activity of smooth muscle - secretes siliva - squint eyes
131
Define Somatic Reflexes
Includes all refluxes that simulate the muscular system
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Define Flexor/Withdrawl Reflex
is the 3 neuron reflex arc in which the limb is withdrawn from painful stimulus
133
What is the Pyramidal tracts
major motor pathways concerned with coluntary movement
134
Define Diencephalon
part of the forebrain between the cerebral hemispheres and the mid brain including the thalamus, 3rd ventricules and hypothalamas
135
Define Thalamus
a mass of gray matter in diencephalon
136
Define Hypothalamus
the region of the diencephalon forming the floor of the third ventricle of the brain
137
What is the Pituitary Gland?
hangs from the anterior floor of the hypothalamus by a slender stalk
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Define Mammillary bodies
reflex centers involved in smell
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Define Epithalamus
roof of the third ventricle, composed of the pineal gland and the choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricles
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Define Choroid plexus
structure in each of the 4 brain ventricles that produce CSF fluid
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Define Mid Brain
part of the brain stem containing reflex centers for vision hearing and fiber tracts that convey both ascending and descending impulses
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Define Medulla Oblongata
most inferior part of the brainstem involved in visceral control
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Define Reticular Formation
extending the entire length of the brain stem is diffuse of grey matter
144
Define Meninges
the membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord
145
Define Dura Matter
the outer most toughest of 3 membranes (meninges) covering the spinal cord and brain
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Define Arachnoid Mater
middle layer of the meninges has weblike extensions attach to the inner layer the "pia matter"
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Define Pia Mater
innermost meningeal layer clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
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Define Arachnoid Granulation
special projections of the arachnoid matter that protrude through dura mater site of cerebrail fluid absorption into the dural venous sinuses
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What is cerebrospinal fluid?
a watery broth with components similar to blood plasma
150
Define Ventricles
discharging chambers of the heart - cavities within the brain
151
Hydrocephalus
build-up of cerebral fluid in the brain
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What are blood brain barriers
how neurons are kept separated from blood barrier
153
Concussion vs Contusion
Slightly injured vs marked tissue destruction
154
What is a spinal cord?
the part of the CNS that provides a 2 way conduction system to and from brain - major reflex center
155
Define Dorsal Root
the root at which sensory neurons enter the spinal cord
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Define Ventral Root
the root at which motor neurons of the somatic nervous system exit the spinal cord
157
Define Endoneurium
a delicate connective tissue sheath surrounding each fiber in nerve
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Define Perineurium
coarse connective tissue wrapping that binds groups of fibers in a nerve, forming fascicles or fiber bundles
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Define Fascicles
bundles of nerve fibers or muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue
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Define Epineurium
a tough sheath of fibrous sheath that binds together the fascicles ina nerve
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What do Sensory Nerves do
nerves that carry impulses only TO the CNS
162
Function of motor nerves
carry only motor nerves
163
Define Mixed Nerves
their impulse travels to and from CNS
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What are Cranil Nerves
12 pairs of nerves that arise from the brain
165
What are spinal nerves
31 pairs of nerves that originate from spinal cord
formed when the dorsal and ventral root merge
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Define Dorsal Ramus
branch of spianl nerves that serves the skin an dmuscles of posterior trunk
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Define Ventral Ramus
branches of spinal nerves that serves the anterior and lateral trunk
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What is a growth hormone
helps with protein and fat metabolism
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What is Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Stimulates thyroid gland
170
What is the Adrenpcorticotropic hormone
stimulates adrenal cortex to produce its hormones
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What is prolactin
in women helps make milk
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What is lutenizing Hormone
stimulates tests and ovarys to produce hormones
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What is the function of blood
to transport substances such as oxygen and nutrients throughtout the body and participates in processing such clotting and fighting infection
174
How is blood transported
blood is moved throughtout blood vessals by the pumping action of the heart
175
What is hematocrit?
% of RBC to total blood volume
176
What is Albumin
a protein found in virtualy all animals - the most abundant plasma protein
177
What is Hemagoblin
an iron bearing protein, transports most of the oxygen that is carried in the blood
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What is Anemia
reduced oxygen - carrying capcities of the blood caused by a decreased # of RBC or decreased % of hemoglobin in the blood
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What is Polycythemia
an excessive or abnormal increase in the # of RBC
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What is Diapedesis
the passage of blood cells through intact vessal walls into the tissue
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Agranulocytes VS Granulocytes?
The granulocytes originate from the bone marrow while agranulocytes originate from the lymph nodes.
182
What are Neutrophils
avid phagocytes at sites of a cute infection
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What are Eosinophils
when they encounter a parasitic worm, they gather around and release enzymes from their cytoplasmic granules onto the parasites surface digesting it away
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What are Basophils
they produce histamine which is an inflammatory, chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCc to the inflamed site
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What are lymphocytes
they play an important role in immune response
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What are monocytes
turn into macrophages
187
what are macrophages
important role in fighting chronic infection
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What are platelets
one of the irregular cell fragments of blood involved in clotting
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what are megakaryocytes
produce platelets
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what is hematopolesis
formation of blood cells
191
what are hemacytoblasts
stem cells that give rise to all the formed elements of the blood
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what is erythropoietin
hormone that stimulates RBC production; secreted by the kidneys
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What is hemostasis
the stoppage of blood
1 vascular spasms occur
2 platelet plug forms
3 coagulation event occurs
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define embolus
free floating cloat in an unknown vessel
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Define thrombocytopenia
insufficent number of platlets circulating blood
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Define Hemophilia
applys to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting
197
Define Antigen
A substance that the body regonzies as foreign; it stimulates the immune system to mount a defense against it
198
What is Hemolysis
rupture of RBC
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Organs of the respiratory system
nose
pharynx (throat)
larynx (voice box)
trachea
bronchi
lungs - alveoli
200
Functions of the respiratory system
gas exchange between the blood and the external environment
201
What are paranasal sinuses?
cavities within the bones surrounding the nasel cavity are called sinuses
202
What are the three parts of the Pharynx (throat)
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
203
What are the tonsils of the pharynx
Pharyngeal
Palatine
Lingual
204
What is the thyroid cartilage
adams apple
205
What is the Epiglottis
it protects the superior opening of the larynx and routes food to the esophagus and air towards the trachea
206
What is the Glottis
opening between vocal cords
207
What are the two coverings of the lungs
Pulmonary Pleura
Parietal Pleura
208
What is Pulmonary Ventilation
moving air in and out of the lungs
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What is external respiration
gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
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What is respitory gas transport
transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the blood stream
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What is Internal Respiration
gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillarys
212
What is pulmonary Ventilation
completely mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity
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what is IRV = inspiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that can be taken in forcible over the tidal volume
214
what is ERV = expiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forcible exhaled
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Define Residual Volume
air remaining in the lungs after exhale
216
Define Vital Capacity
the total amount of exchangeable air - air that remains in the conducting zone and never reacts the alveoli
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Define Funcitional Volume
air that actually reaches the respiratory zone
218
Hyperventilation
results from increased CO2 in the blood- breathing becomes deeper and more rapid
219
Hypoventilation
results when the blood becomes alkaline - extremely slow and shallow breathing
220
What are Gastric Glands
situated in gastric pits and secreate gastric juice
221
What are Cheif Cells
produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)
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What are Parietal Cells
they produce hydrochloric acid
223
Define Enterendocrine Cells
Produce gastrin
224
3 parts of salvia glands
parotoid glands
submandibular glands
sublingual glands
225
What is propulsion
moving food from one region of the digestive system to another
226
What is Peristalis
alternating waves of contractions and relations that squeezes food along the GI tract
227
What is segmentation
moving materials back and forth to aid in moving the small intestine
228
What is Degulutition
swallowing
229
what is metabolism
chemical reactions neccesary to maintiain life
230
what is catabolism
substances broken down to simpler substances - energy is released
231
what is a carbohydrate metabolism
carbs used as the bodys preferred source to produce cellular energy
232
what is cellular respiration
oxygen using events that take place within a cell to create ATP from ADP
233
What is Glycolysis
energizes a glucose molecule so it can be split into 2 pyrucix acid molecules and yeild ATP
234
What is Krebs Cycle
produces virtually all the carbon dioxide and water resulting from cell respiration
235
What is the Electron transport chain
hydrogen atoms removed during gylcoysis and the krebs cycle are delivered to protein carriers
236
Define Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia
excessively high levels of glucose in the blood and excessively low levels of glucose in the blood
237
What are the roles of the liver in metabolism
manufacturers bile
detoxifies drugs from alcohol
degrades hormones
produces cholesterol, blood proteins
plays a role in metabolism
238
what is a membrane
outside protective layer of a cell
239
what is a nucleolus
the site of ribesome assembly and protein synthesis
240
what is chromatin
cell not dividing hanging out all over throughtout the nucleous
241
what are the three components of cytoplasm
cytosol
inclusion s
organelles
242
what is cytosol in cytoplasm
fluid that suspends other fluid that suspends the other elements
243
what are inclusions in the cytoplasm
chemical substances that may or may not be present - are stored nutrients and or cell products floating in the cytoplasm
244
what are organelles in the cytoplasm in the nucleus
specialized cellular components
specialized to carry out many different function s- carry oxygen and synthesises protein
245
What is ATP
provides the energy for cellular work and every living cell requires a constant supply
246
What are Ribosomes
made of protein and a variery of RNA it is the site of protein syntheisis
247
What is ER endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm in the nucleus
it is a network within the cytoplasm - it is a system of fluid-filled tunnels that coil and twist through the cytoplasm serves as a mini circulatory system for the cell - providing a network of channels for carrying substances from one
248
Smooth ER vs Rough ER
rough looks rough and has ribosome - a protein made on the ribosomes that move in rough tunnels toward smooth
smooth looks smooth and has no ribosome-smooth functions in lipid metabolism and detox
249
What is the Golgi Apparatus (in nucleus)
tiny sack of flattened membranes sacs that are associated with swarms of tiny vessels
250
What are Lysomes
breakdown bodies
251
What are Peroxisomes
Membrane sacs containing oxygen to detox a number of harmful/posionous substances
252
What are Free Radicals
normal by product if accumulated can negatively effect cells
253
What is the Cytoskeleton
acts as the cells "bones and muscles"
254
What is the cytoskeleton made of?
microfilaments
intermidiate filaments
microtublars
255
What are centrioles?
organelle in the nucleus that lay at angles to each other
256
What are Fibroblasts
cells that connect body parts
257
What are epithelial cells
cells that line body organs
258
What are skeletal Muscle cells
cells that move organs and body parts
259
what are fat cells
cells that store nutrients
260
what are nerve cells
gather info and controls body functions
261
what cells connect body parts
fibroblasts and erthyrocyytes
262
what cells line and cover the body
epithelial cells
263
cells that move organs and body parts
skeletal - cardiac - mooth
264
Cells that stores nutrients
fat cells
265
cells that fight infection
wbc
266
cells that gather info and control body function
nerve cells
267
what is intracellular fluid
fluid that constantly baths the exterior of our cells
268
What is Diffusion
high to low concentration to be let into the group through the membrane - down concentration gradient
269
What is Facilitated Diffusion
through a channel protein selected based on size and change OR via protein carriers specific 1 one substance
270
Define Filtration
water and solutes forced through a membrane
271
hyper/hypotonic/ isotonic soultions
hyper=cell burst more solutes
hypo=cell shrink less solutes
iso= perfect
272
what is active transport
used ATP to energize its protein carriers called solute pumps
273
Define Exocytosis and Endocytosis
out of the cell and into the cell
274
what is the role of RNA
send messages
275
what are the phases of protein syntheisis
transcriptions and translation
276
what are goblet cells
lube cells
277
what is a gland
one or more cells that make and secreate particular product
278
What is extracellular matrix
ground subtane and fibers and cells and protein
279
types of connective tissue
blood
cartilage
bones
dense connective tissue and loose
280
what are reticular fibers
fine collagen fibers that form internal skeleton of soft organs
281
define momomer
building block of fibers made of connective tissue
282
what is areolar connective tissue
protects body organs
provides a reservoir for water and salts surrounding tissue
283
what is Lamina Propria
soft layer of areolar that underlies all mucous membranes
284
What is Adipose COnnective Tissue
fat
285
What is Adipose tissue
forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin
insulting the body and protecting organs
regulating heat
286
What is Stroma
internal framework of an organ
287
Solvent vs Solution
solvent - dissolving medium typically water
solutes - components in smaller quantities within a solution example salt
288
what is simple diffusion
solutes are lipid soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores
289
what is mitosis?
divition of the nuclous
290
what is cytokinesis?
division of the cytoplasm
291
what are the stages of mitosis?
prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase - cytokinesis
292
4 primary types of connective tissue
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
293
role of transfer RNA tRNA
transports appropraite amino acids to the ribosome for building protein
294
what is Ribosomal RNA rRNA
helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built
295
what is Messenger RNA role
carries the instructions for building a protein from the nuclous to the ribesome
296
Define foraman
round or oval opening through a body
297
define fossa
shallow baseline depression in bone often serving as a articular surface
298
what is a comminuted fracture
bone brakes into many pieces
299
what is a compression fracture
bone is crushed
300
what is a depressed fracture
broken inside typically how skull fractures
301
what is impacted fracture
bones are forced to crush eachother
302
What is a spinal fracture
twisting of the bone
303
greenstick fracture
bone doesnt break fully - splintery wood like pieces
304
How does a bone get repaired
1) hematoma is formed
2) break is filled by fibrocartilage
3)fibrocartilage replaced by bony callus
4) bone callus shaped to form permanent patch
305
Axial VS Appandicular SKeleton
axial - bones along your middle axis
appendicular - sides limbs girdles and pelvic
306
what is the hyoid bone
moveable base for your tongue
307
what bones are in your upper limbs
shoulder blade
collar bone
humerous
radius
ulna
308
bones of the lower limb
femur
tibia
fibia
talus
calcaneus
metatarsal
phalanges
309
what is tendonitis
inflammation of tendon sheaths
310
what is arthritis
inflammation or degenaertive diseases of joints
311
what is bursitis
imflammation of bursa
312
WHat is Rheumatoid Arthritis
autoimmune disease attacking the joints - leads to deformities
313
what is Gouty Arthritis
inflammation of joints caused by s deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood - can usually control with diet
314
what is osteoporosis
bone thinning disease that weakens bones
315
What are the 3 types of bone cells
osteoblast osteocyte osteoclast
316
what is muscular dystrophy
progressive weakening of the muscle mass (more fat less muscle)
317
What is Muscular Atrophy
muscle wastes away due to lack of movement
318
what do the sensory (afferent) division of the NErvous System do
carry info to CNS
319
what do the motor (efferent) division of the Nervous system do
carries impulses away from CNS
320
what are Astrocytes
a star shaped glical cell of the CNS - brace neurons - form barrier between capillaries and neruons - and control the chemical environment of the brain
321
What is Neuroglia cells
Any of the cells that hold nerve cells in place and help them work the way they should.
322
what is microglia cells
dispose of debris
323
what are epiendymal cdells
lines the cavitys of the brain and spinal cord - circulate CSF
324
what are oligodendrocytes
wrap around nerve fibers in the CNS - produce myelin sheaths (insulating layer)
325
What are satellite cells
protect neurons cell bodies
326
what are shwann cells
form myeline sheath in the PNS
327
what are dentrites
conduct impluses towards the cell body
328
what are axons
conduct impluses away from the body
329
what are axonal terminals
they contain vessels with neurotransmitters
330
what is synaptic cleft
gap between adjactent neurons
331
what is synapse
junction between nerves
332
what is node of ravier
gaps in myelin sheath along axon
333
what is nuclei
clusters of cell bodies outside the CNS
334
what are interneruons
found in neural pathways in CNS connecting sensory and motor neurons
335
what are multipolar bipolar and unipolar neurons
multi - many extensions from cell body
bipolar - one axon and one dentriate
unipolar- have a short single process leaving the cell bod y
336
what are multipolar bipolar and unipolar neurons
multi - many extensions from cell body
bipolar - one axon and one dentriate
unipolar- have a short single process leaving the cell bod
337
what is depolarization
astimulus depolarizes the neurons
338
what is an action potential?
if the action potential ( nerve impulse) starts itis propagated over entire axon - impulses move faster when fibers have a myelin sheath
339
what is Repolarization
pottasium ions rush out of neruon after sodium ions rush in, repolarizes mebrane
340
what is a reflex arc
the direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron to an effector
341
what are somatic reflexes
activation of skeletal muscles - voluntary
342
what are automatic reflexes
smooth muscle regulation
heart and blood pressure regulation
regulation of glands
digestive system regualtion
343
what is matter
stuff of the universe - anything you can touch see smell and takes up space
344
what are the forms of matter
liquid solid gas
345
what is chemical energy
is stored in bonds of chemical substances - when bonds break energy releases becoming kinetic energy
346
what is electrical energy
results from movement of charged particles - generated when charged particles cross cell membrane
347
what is mechanical energy
energy directly involved in moving matter
348
radiant energy
travels in waves - light energy stimulates retinas in the eyes
349
physical change vs chemical change of matter
physical is ice to water and chemical is grapes to wine - one alters the composition of the substance and the other does not alter the basic nature of a substance
350
ATP
in the body as a chemical energy used for performing different functions
351
electron
neutron
proton
neg
neutral
postive
352
what are isotp[es
atoms of the same element with different atomic mass
353
postive ion and negitive ion names
cations postive and anions negative
354
Ionic VS covalent bonds
the complete transfer of an electron from 1 atom to another
and 2 non metals sharing electrons creats compound
355
3 layers of the heart
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
356
what are the chambers of the heart
4 chambers atria reciving chamber and ventricules discharging chamber
357
what is AV node and SA node
The SA (sinoatrial) node generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract. The signal then passes through the AV (atrioventricular) node to the lower heart chambers (ventricles), causing them to contract, or pump. The SA node is considered the pacemaker of the heart.
358
Systemic VS Pulomary Circulation
systemic- blood flows from the left side of the heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart
pulmonary - blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
359
what are Purkinje fibers
spread within the ventricle wall muscles - specific heart muscle tissue responsible for the generation of heart impulses.
