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NUR 280 > Body Processes > Flashcards

Body Processes Flashcards

1
Q

what is an adipocyte

A

fat cell

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2
Q

what is eustress

A

positive stress

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3
Q

what is distress

A

bad stress

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4
Q

what is acute stress

A

response to intermittent stimuli, intensity varries in response to stimuli, and ends after threat avoided

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5
Q

what is chronic stress

A

prolonged activation of stress response to a perceived threat that does not abate rapidly
is linked to diminished immunity, cancer, heart disease, and depression

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6
Q

what is selye’s stress response theory

A

general adaptive syndrome
stress response invoves neural, endocrine, and immune responses (acute and chronic)
3 stages of response

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7
Q

what is general adaptive syndrome in selye’s theory

A

coordinated reaction to a stressor
stressor (inciting event)
adaptive ability (maintain homeostasis)

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8
Q

what are the 3 stages of response in selye’s theory

A

alarm
resistance
exhaustion

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9
Q

what is happening during the alarm stage

A

activation of CNS, SNS, and adrenal glands
activation of endocrine system

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10
Q

what does the SNS release in the alarm stage

A

norepinephrine (fight or flight)

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11
Q

what does the hypothalamus release during alarm stage

A

CRF

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12
Q

what does the anterior pituitary gland release during the alarm stage

A

ACTH

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13
Q

what does the adrenal cortex release during alarm stage

A

cortisol

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14
Q

what decreases during the alarm stage

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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15
Q

what is increased for cell energy in alarm stage

A

glucose (short-term: enhances immune response, Long-term: immunosuppression)

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16
Q

wat does the posterior pituitary release during alarm stage

A

ADH (increase water reabsorption)

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17
Q

what does the adrenal medulla release during the alarm stage

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine (increase bp)

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18
Q

what does the SNS do during alarm stage to the body

A

increase HR
vasoconstriction of peripheral arteries
increase BP
increase blood flow to skeletal muscles
bronchodilation
pupil dilation
GI and GU system activity slows
sweating
dry mouth

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19
Q

what is the resistance stage

A

continued hormonal and catecholamine (Epi/NorEpi) release
time-limited stage: if stress stops, parasympathetic nervous system induces relaxation (acute), but if it does not stop, body’s response lessens over time (chronic)

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20
Q

what is the exhaustion stage

A

stress overwhelms the body (chronic stress)

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21
Q

how does chronic stress adversely impact overall health

A

long-term cortisol suppresses immune system
increase risk for infection

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22
Q

what is Mcewen’s stress response theory

A

allostasis: dynamic (constantly changing) state of balance in response to stressor
theory: frequent stressors change physiological balance and create new setpoint

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23
Q

what is allostatic load

A

defined as wear and tear on body systems caused by stress reactions
d/t both stressor and individual’s ability to respond (accumulates over time)

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24
Q

what is allostatic overload

A

when stress exceeds the body’s ability to adapt (ex. obesity)

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25
Q

what are some common stress-related disorders

A

asthma
atherosclerosis
autoimmune disease
cardiac rhythm disturbances
cerebrovascualr disease
coronary artery disease
diabetes
GAD
HTN
IBS
migraines
PUD
skin disorders (hives)

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26
Q

what are the pharmacologic treatments for stress

A

sedatives and antidepressents

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27
Q

what are sedatives and what do they do

A

depress CNS…relaxation
tranquilizers “downers”, alcohol
easily abused

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28
Q

what are antidepressants

A

modulate neurotransmitters in the brain (serotonin and dopamine)
require at least 3 weeks to reach therapeutic blood levels

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29
Q

what is the recommendation for exercising

A

40 min 3-4 days per week

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30
Q

what does exercise do for cardiovascular system

A

decrease bp
increase angiogenesis

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31
Q

what does exercise do for gi system

A

increase peristalsis

32
Q

what does exercise do for glucose tolerance

A

increase uptake of glucose
decrease insulin resistance

33
Q

what are the effects of immobility

A

atelectasis
bone demineralization
deconditioning of heart and muscles
decreased pulmonary ventilation
pressure ulcers
depression
diminished peristalsis and constipation
disorientation
gait and balance disturbances
GERD
increased susceptibility to aspiration
increased susceptibility to orthostatic hypotension
joint contractures
kidney stones
loss of appetite
muscle atrophy
reduced cough effectiveness
stasis of pulmonary secretions and increased risk of pneumonia
urinary stasis
UTI
venous stasis
venous thromboembolism

34
Q

what are the effects of immobility on the cardiovascular system

A

heart must work harder
venous return to heart is reduced
venous stasis
PE
orthostatic hypotension
natriuresis- increased water loss, increased sodium in urine

35
Q

what are the effects of immobility in the pulmonary systen

A

reduced lung volumes and ventilation
atelectasis
aspiration

36
Q

what are the effects of immobility on the musculoskeletal system

A

decreased muscle strength
contracture
shortening of muscles
decreased trabecular bone
decreased osteoblast activity
pathological fracture risk
assume fetal position

37
Q

what are the effects of immobility on the renal system

A

if supine, urinary stasis and uti’s

38
Q

what are the effects of immobility on the gi system

A

decreased peristaltic waves
decreased intestinal absorption
increased risk for constipation and GERD

39
Q

what are the effects of immobility on metabolic and endocrine system

A

increased muscle protein breakdown
negative nitrogen balance (less protein synthesis)
increased glucose intolerance

40
Q

what is a stage 1 ulcer

A

persistent skin redness

41
Q

what is a stage 2 ulcer

A

loss of epidermal or dermal layers

42
Q

what is a stage 3 ulcer

A

deterioration of layers deep to dermis

43
Q

what is a stage 4 ulcer

A

loss of full thickness of tissue, down to muscle and bone

44
Q

what percent of americans are overweight/obese

A

65%

45
Q

what is metabolic disorder

A

insulin sensitivity
glucose utilization
fat accumulation
hepatic glucose

46
Q

what are adipocytes

A

fat cells

47
Q

what are adipokines

A

circulating hormones that communicate with organs

48
Q

what is adiponectin

A

good adipokine
increases sensitivity of insulin
they decrease when too much adipose tissue is present

49
Q

what is leptin

A

good hormone
affects body wt
pt’s can have leptin resistance

50
Q

what is resistin

A

bad hormone
enhances liver ability to produce glucose

51
Q

what increases risk of blood clotting with obesity

A

vascular mediators- angiotensinogen
inflammatory mediators- TNF-alpha, IL-6

52
Q

what is ghrelin

A

peptide secreted by stomach when its empty

53
Q

what increases after eating

A

leptin

54
Q

what area of the brain tells you you’re hungry

A

hypothalamus

55
Q

what is apple shaped obesity

A

40 in-M, 35 in-F
central
more weight above the waist

56
Q

what is underweight BMI

A

under 18.5

57
Q

what is normal weight BMI

A

18.5-24.9

58
Q

what is overweight BMI

A

25-29.9

59
Q

what is obese BMI

A

over 30

60
Q

what BMI is surgery usually done for obese indiviudals

A

over 40

61
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

62
Q

what does folate deficiency cause

A

megaloblastic anemia

63
Q

what does niacin deficiency cause

A

pellagra: pigmented rash on sun exposed areas

64
Q

what does riboflavin deficiency cause

A

cheilosis: fissures and irritation at edges of mouth

65
Q

what does thiamine deficiency cause

A

beriberi: neuropathy, muscle weakness, and wasting

66
Q

what does vit a deficiency cause

A

night blindness

67
Q

what does vit b6 deficiency cause

A

neuropathy, depression, microcytic anemia

68
Q

what does vt b12 deficiency cause

A

megaloblastic anemia

69
Q

what does vit c deficiency cause

A

scurvy: petichiae, ecchymosis, inflammed and bleeding gums

70
Q

what does vit d deficiency cause

A

rickets: skeletal deformities, osteomalacia

71
Q

what does vit e deficiency cause

A

peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, skeletal muscle atrophy

72
Q

what does vit k deficiency cause

A

bleeding, elevated prothrombin time

73
Q

what BMI is anorexia nervosa

A

less than 17.5

74
Q

what is neuropathic pain

A

spinal cord/ nerve pain

75
Q

what are the sources of pain

A

cutaneous- skin
deep somatic- ligament, bone, muscle
visceral- organ
referred- somewhere else (MI)
phantom- amputation

NUR 280 (7 decks)

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