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NUR 280 > Body Processes > Flashcards

Body Processes Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

what is an adipocyte

A

fat cell

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2
Q

what is eustress

A

positive stress

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3
Q

what is distress

A

bad stress

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4
Q

what is acute stress

A

response to intermittent stimuli, intensity varries in response to stimuli, and ends after threat avoided

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5
Q

what is chronic stress

A

prolonged activation of stress response to a perceived threat that does not abate rapidly
is linked to diminished immunity, cancer, heart disease, and depression

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6
Q

what is selye’s stress response theory

A

general adaptive syndrome
stress response invoves neural, endocrine, and immune responses (acute and chronic)
3 stages of response

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7
Q

what is general adaptive syndrome in selye’s theory

A

coordinated reaction to a stressor
stressor (inciting event)
adaptive ability (maintain homeostasis)

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8
Q

what are the 3 stages of response in selye’s theory

A

alarm
resistance
exhaustion

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9
Q

what is happening during the alarm stage

A

activation of CNS, SNS, and adrenal glands
activation of endocrine system

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10
Q

what does the SNS release in the alarm stage

A

norepinephrine (fight or flight)

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11
Q

what does the hypothalamus release during alarm stage

A

CRF

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12
Q

what does the anterior pituitary gland release during the alarm stage

A

ACTH

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13
Q

what does the adrenal cortex release during alarm stage

A

cortisol

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14
Q

what decreases during the alarm stage

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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15
Q

what is increased for cell energy in alarm stage

A

glucose (short-term: enhances immune response, Long-term: immunosuppression)

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16
Q

wat does the posterior pituitary release during alarm stage

A

ADH (increase water reabsorption)

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17
Q

what does the adrenal medulla release during the alarm stage

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine (increase bp)

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18
Q

what does the SNS do during alarm stage to the body

A

increase HR
vasoconstriction of peripheral arteries
increase BP
increase blood flow to skeletal muscles
bronchodilation
pupil dilation
GI and GU system activity slows
sweating
dry mouth

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19
Q

what is the resistance stage

A

continued hormonal and catecholamine (Epi/NorEpi) release
time-limited stage: if stress stops, parasympathetic nervous system induces relaxation (acute), but if it does not stop, body’s response lessens over time (chronic)

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20
Q

what is the exhaustion stage

A

stress overwhelms the body (chronic stress)

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21
Q

how does chronic stress adversely impact overall health

A

long-term cortisol suppresses immune system
increase risk for infection

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22
Q

what is Mcewen’s stress response theory

A

allostasis: dynamic (constantly changing) state of balance in response to stressor
theory: frequent stressors change physiological balance and create new setpoint

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23
Q

what is allostatic load

A

defined as wear and tear on body systems caused by stress reactions
d/t both stressor and individual’s ability to respond (accumulates over time)

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24
Q

what is allostatic overload

A

when stress exceeds the body’s ability to adapt (ex. obesity)

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25
what are some common stress-related disorders
asthma atherosclerosis autoimmune disease cardiac rhythm disturbances cerebrovascualr disease coronary artery disease diabetes GAD HTN IBS migraines PUD skin disorders (hives)
26
what are the pharmacologic treatments for stress
sedatives and antidepressents
27
what are sedatives and what do they do
depress CNS...relaxation tranquilizers "downers", alcohol easily abused
28
what are antidepressants
modulate neurotransmitters in the brain (serotonin and dopamine) require at least 3 weeks to reach therapeutic blood levels
29
what is the recommendation for exercising
40 min 3-4 days per week
30
what does exercise do for cardiovascular system
decrease bp increase angiogenesis
31
what does exercise do for gi system
increase peristalsis
32
what does exercise do for glucose tolerance
increase uptake of glucose decrease insulin resistance
33
what are the effects of immobility
atelectasis bone demineralization deconditioning of heart and muscles decreased pulmonary ventilation pressure ulcers depression diminished peristalsis and constipation disorientation gait and balance disturbances GERD increased susceptibility to aspiration increased susceptibility to orthostatic hypotension joint contractures kidney stones loss of appetite muscle atrophy reduced cough effectiveness stasis of pulmonary secretions and increased risk of pneumonia urinary stasis UTI venous stasis venous thromboembolism
34
what are the effects of immobility on the cardiovascular system
heart must work harder venous return to heart is reduced venous stasis PE orthostatic hypotension natriuresis- increased water loss, increased sodium in urine
35
what are the effects of immobility in the pulmonary systen
reduced lung volumes and ventilation atelectasis aspiration
36
what are the effects of immobility on the musculoskeletal system
decreased muscle strength contracture shortening of muscles decreased trabecular bone decreased osteoblast activity pathological fracture risk assume fetal position
37
what are the effects of immobility on the renal system
if supine, urinary stasis and uti's
38
what are the effects of immobility on the gi system
decreased peristaltic waves decreased intestinal absorption increased risk for constipation and GERD
39
what are the effects of immobility on metabolic and endocrine system
increased muscle protein breakdown negative nitrogen balance (less protein synthesis) increased glucose intolerance
40
what is a stage 1 ulcer
persistent skin redness
41
what is a stage 2 ulcer
loss of epidermal or dermal layers
42
what is a stage 3 ulcer
deterioration of layers deep to dermis
43
what is a stage 4 ulcer
loss of full thickness of tissue, down to muscle and bone
44
what percent of americans are overweight/obese
65%
45
what is metabolic disorder
insulin sensitivity glucose utilization fat accumulation hepatic glucose
46
what are adipocytes
fat cells
47
what are adipokines
circulating hormones that communicate with organs
48
what is adiponectin
good adipokine increases sensitivity of insulin they decrease when too much adipose tissue is present
49
what is leptin
good hormone affects body wt pt's can have leptin resistance
50
what is resistin
bad hormone enhances liver ability to produce glucose
51
what increases risk of blood clotting with obesity
vascular mediators- angiotensinogen inflammatory mediators- TNF-alpha, IL-6
52
what is ghrelin
peptide secreted by stomach when its empty
53
what increases after eating
leptin
54
what area of the brain tells you you're hungry
hypothalamus
55
what is apple shaped obesity
40 in-M, 35 in-F central more weight above the waist
56
what is underweight BMI
under 18.5
57
what is normal weight BMI
18.5-24.9
58
what is overweight BMI
25-29.9
59
what is obese BMI
over 30
60
what BMI is surgery usually done for obese indiviudals
over 40
61
what are the fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
62
what does folate deficiency cause
megaloblastic anemia
63
what does niacin deficiency cause
pellagra: pigmented rash on sun exposed areas
64
what does riboflavin deficiency cause
cheilosis: fissures and irritation at edges of mouth
65
what does thiamine deficiency cause
beriberi: neuropathy, muscle weakness, and wasting
66
what does vit a deficiency cause
night blindness
67
what does vit b6 deficiency cause
neuropathy, depression, microcytic anemia
68
what does vt b12 deficiency cause
megaloblastic anemia
69
what does vit c deficiency cause
scurvy: petichiae, ecchymosis, inflammed and bleeding gums
70
what does vit d deficiency cause
rickets: skeletal deformities, osteomalacia
71
what does vit e deficiency cause
peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, skeletal muscle atrophy
72
what does vit k deficiency cause
bleeding, elevated prothrombin time
73
what BMI is anorexia nervosa
less than 17.5
74
what is neuropathic pain
spinal cord/ nerve pain
75
what are the sources of pain
cutaneous- skin deep somatic- ligament, bone, muscle visceral- organ referred- somewhere else (MI) phantom- amputation

NUR 280 (7 decks)

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