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body regulation and coordination Flashcards

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1
Q

homeostasis

A

a state of balance amoung all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly
e.g regulating body temp, blood glucose levels, blood pressure

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2
Q

stimulus response model

A

within the body, if there is a change in the level of a variable of the internal enviroment (a stimulus), that chnage is often detected by a cell or organ (receptor) the receptor communicates via (control centre) with another organ or cell (effector) which produces a (response)
SRCER

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3
Q

stimulus

A

change in the internal enviroment

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4
Q

receptor

A

a structure in an organism that can detect the stimulus (five senses, smell, touch, taste, see, hear)

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5
Q

effector

A

something that causes a change to the organism (such as muscle)

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5
Q

control centre

A

process the information (CNS)

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6
Q

response

A

the last thing the body (react to stimulus) does to restore homeostasis

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6
Q

feedback systems?

A

type of regulation in biological systems (support life components) in which the response alters/enhances original stimulus of that signal response system

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7
Q

negative feedback

A

the response opposes/counteracts the original stimulus. almost all regulatory systems are negative feedback
e.g temperature regulation, heart rate (as your body temp increases you sweat (dogs pant))

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8
Q

positive feedback

A

the response enhances the original stimulus. e.g childbirth, breast feeding

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8
Q

how does the endocrine system work

A
  • consists of glands that secrete (produce discharge) hormones (chemical messengers) into the bloodstream
  • the hormones regulate a number of bodily functions such as metabolism, digestion, blood pressure and growth
  • enables communication between different parts of the body, responds to environmental changes and involved in regulation
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9
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland- controls other glands and helps with growth water balance and reproduction

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10
Q

pancreas gland

A

regulates blood sugar by producing insulin and glucagon

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10
Q

why are glands so important

A
  • keeps your body balanced (homeostasis)
  • controls how fast you grow
  • helps manage emotions and stress
  • regulates blood sugar and energy levels
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11
Q

hormones?

A

-chemical messenger molecules, travel through the bloodstream to different parts of the body, telling cells/organs what to do
- made by glands in the endocrine system and help regulate important body functions like growth, metabolism, mood and reproduction

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12
Q

how hormones work

A
  1. production - glands like pancreas produce hormones
  2. release into bloodstream- hormones travel through the blood to target cells
  3. target cell response- hormones attach to specific receptors on target cells, triggering a response
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12
Q

what is glucose regulation?

A

-type of sugar our body uses as its main source of energy
- we get glucose from the food we eat, especially from carbohydrates ie bread, rice, fruits
-once digested, glucose enters the bloodstream and carried to cells for energy

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12
Q

how is blood glucose regulated?

A

two important hormones made by the pancreas
- these balancing acts keep blood glucose at a healthy level

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13
Q

insulin?

A
  • lowers blood sugar
  • when you eat, glucose levels rise
  • pancreas releases insulin, helps cells absorb glucose for energy or storage
  • this lowers blood sugar back to normal levels
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13
Q

glucagon?

A
  • raises blood sugar
  • if you haven’t eaten for a while, blood sugar levels drop
  • pancreas releases glucagon, which signals the liver to release stored glucose into the blood
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14
Q

what are the 5 things included in a neuron structure

A

dendrites, cell body, myelin, axon, synaptic terminals

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15
Q

dendrites

A

branched extensions of a neuron which receive stimuli from other cells

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15
Q

cell body

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A

mass of cytoplasm, with contained nucleus, from which branches of neuron arise

16
Q

myelin

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A

fatty insulating substance surrounding axons of many neurons in vertebrates speeds up impulse transmission

17
axon
long extensions of a neuron which transmits impulses away from the cell
18
synaptic terminals
ends of an axon, containing numerous mitochondria and synaptic vesicles, release neurotransmitter to next cell
19
3 types of neurons
sensory, interneurons and motor neurons
20
sensory neurons
carry sensory impusles from receptors to the CNS
21
interneurons
form links between other neurons, only occur within brain and spinal cord
22
motor neurons
carry impulses from the CNS to effector (generally muscles or glands)
23
what is diabetes?
a disease where the body has trouble regulating blood sugar properly
24
type 1 diabetes
- immune system mistakenly destroys insulin, producing cells in the pancreas - body cannot produce insulin, so glucose builds up in the blood - people with type 1 need insulin injections to control their blood sugar
25
type 2 diabetes
- body struggles to use sugar (glucose) properly - body doesn't respond to insulin - generic contributions
26
why is diabetes dangerous?
if blood sugar levels are to high for a long time, can damage heart, kidneys, nerves and eyes. if blood sugar levels too low, it can cause dizziness, confusion and even unconsciousness.
27
what is temperature regulation?
Human body needs to maintain a stable internal temperature of around 37 degrees celcius to be able to function properly. This process is called thermoregulation and is controlled by the hypothalamus, part of the brain that acts like a thermostat
28
2. ways body regulates temp
1. cooling down 2.warming up if these mechanisms fail hypothermia and heatstroke can occur
29
1. cooling down (when too hot)
- sweating = sweat glands release sweat, evaporates from the skin, carrying heat away - vasodilation = blood vessels near the skin widen, allowing more warm blood to flow near the surface, where heat is lost, making the skin look red
30
2. warming up (when too cold)
if body gets to cold, it tries to conserve and generate heat - shivering = muscles contract rapidly, generating heat through movement - vasoconstriction = blood vessels near the skin narrow to keep warm blood in the core, reducing heat loss. This can make the skin look pale. - goosebumps = tiny muscles pull hair upright to trap a layer of air for insulation
31
what is the nervous system?
- bodys command centre - composed of 2 sections
32
central nervous system (CNS)
- brain and spinal cord (body's processing centre) brain - controls most ie, movement, thinking, speech and sense - spinal cord - carries messages between the brain and rest of the body
33
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- nerves that branch off from spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body - includes cranial, spinal (nerves) and their roots and branches - carries messages to and from the CNS, the bodies organs, muscles and senses PNS is further divided into the somatic nervous system (relex response )(voluntary actions) and autonomic nervous system (involuntary actions)
34
what is a nerve transmission?
use chemicals to pass the message
35
how does a nerve transmission work?
electric signal travels- a nerve cell (neuron) gets an electrical signal reaching the gap (synapse- signal reaches the end of the neuron but theres a tiny gap before the next neuron. this gap is called a synapse chemical messengers (neurotransmitters)- the first neuron releases special chemicals called neurotransmitters into the gap receiving the message- the next neuron has special landing spots (receptors) that catch these chemicals new signal begins- once the neurotransmitters land, the second neuron starts a new electrical signal and passes it along
36
what are the 2 types of drugs called that effect drugs on neurotransmitters?
agonists (mimic neurotransmitters) antagonists (block neurotransmitter action) - this is how drugs influence mood, behaviour, body functions, enhancing or inhabiting normal neurotransmitters activity
37
agonists- mimic neurotransmitters
fit into receptors and trigger the same response as the neurotransmitter.
38
antagonists- drugs that block neurotransmitter action
fit into receptors but block neurotransmitters from having their usual effect
39
what is the reflex response?
automatic, quick reaction to a stimulus that doesn't require the brains involvement straight away, controlled by spinal cord, helps body react without thinking bout it.
40
4 things of the pathway of reflex response
1. stimulus, 2. receptor, 3. spinal cord, 4. response
41
whats the cerebrum?
- biggest part - controls thinking, memory, emotions and decision making - split into 2 halves called hemispheres (left controls the right side of the body, responsible for logic, maths and language) (right controls the left side of the body, responsible for creativity, art and music) - surface of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex which helps in thinking and problem solving
42
cerebellum?
- little part - located at the back of the brain, under the cerebrum - controls balance, coordination and movement - helps you walk, run and play sports smoothly
42
branistem?
- life support sytem - connects the brain to the spinal cord - controls automatic functions like breathing, heartbeat and digestion - without the brainstem, basic survival functions wouldnt work
43
whats the function of the brain?
sends messages through neurons (nerve cells). these neurons communicate through electrical and chemical signals.
44
hypothalamus?
- controls body temp, water balance, hunger - keeps body in a stable state (homeostasis)
45
corpus callosum
- connects info between the left and right side of the brain
46
difference between nervous and endocrine system
nervous system - type of message (electrochemical) speed of message (very fast) duration of response (very short) specificity being specific (highly specific) endocrine system - type of message (chemical) speed of message (slower) duration of response (longer lasting) specificity being specific ((highly specific) only affect target cells with receptor for that hormone)

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