Body Systems

Question 1

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

Heart, blood vessels, blood, pulmonary circuit, systemic circuit.

Question 2

Functions of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 2

Circulate blood, deliver O₂/nutrients, remove CO₂/wastes, maintain temperature/hydration, fight disease, blood clotting.

Question 3

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 3

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

Question 4

What controls the direction of blood flow in the heart?

Answer 4

Heart valves.

Question 5

Describe blood flow through the heart.

Answer 5

Oxygenated blood from lungs → left atrium

→ left ventricle → aorta → body

Deoxygenated blood from body → right atrium

→ right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs

Question 6

describe flow of blood through the body

Answer 6

vena cava
right atrium
trispuier valve
right ventricle
pulmonic valve
Pulmonary arteries take to the lungs
from the lungs pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta

Question 7

Types of blood vessels and their functions?

Answer 7

Arteries: Carry blood away from heart

Veins: Carry blood to the heart

Capillaries: Exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes

Question 8

Exception to usual blood flow in arteries/veins?

Answer 8

Pulmonary artery (deoxygenated), Pulmonary vein (oxygenated)

Question 9

What are the 3 main functions of blood?

Answer 9

Transport – Carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

Protection – Involves clotting (platelets) and immune response (white blood cells) to fight infection.

Temperature Regulation – Helps maintain a stable body temperature by distributing heat and enabling heat loss (e.g. through vasodilation and sweating).

Question 10

Components of blood?

Answer 10

Plasma: 55%, transports substances

Red blood cells: Carry oxygen

White blood cells: Fight infection

Platelets: Aid clotting

Question 11

What is Stroke Volume (SV)?

Answer 11

Stroke Volume (SV) is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction.

At rest: approximately 75 mL per beat

With endurance training: can increase to around 105 mL per beat

It’s a key factor in determining cardiac output (Q),

Question 12

What is Cardiac Output (Q)?

Answer 12

Volume of blood pumped per minute Formula: Q = SV × HR

Question 13

What is Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference (aVO₂ diff)?

Answer 13

Difference in O₂ content between arterial and venous blood
Rest: 4mL/100mL, Exercise: 16mL/100mL

Question 14

How do you calculate max heart rate?

Answer 14

220 – age

Question 15

Normal resting HR? ( heart rate )

Answer 15

60–80 bpm; lower in athletes (50–60 bpm)

Question 16

What is blood pressure?

Answer 16

Force of blood against artery walls

Systolic: During contraction (~120 mmHg)

Diastolic: During relaxation (~80 mmHg)

Question 17

How does the body cool down?

Answer 17

The body cools down through two main mechanisms:

Sweating

Sweat glands release sweat onto the skin.

As sweat evaporates, it removes heat from the body, cooling it down.

Vasodilation

Blood vessels near the skin surface widen (dilate).

This increases blood flow to the skin, allowing more heat to escape through radiation.

Question 18

How does the body warm up?

Answer 18

Vasoconstriction

Blood vessels near the skin narrow (constrict), reducing blood flow to the skin.

This helps retain heat in the body’s core by limiting heat loss through the skin.

Thermogenesis

The body generates heat through internal processes such as:

Shivering – muscles contract rapidly to produce heat

Increased metabolism – organs and muscles produce more heat

These mechanisms help maintain a stable core temperature in cold environments.

Question 19

Acute (Immediate) Responses: what does that mean

Answer 19

Acute (Immediate) Responses refer to the short-term physiological changes that occur in your body as soon as you begin physical activity or exercise. These responses happen quickly and last only during or shortly after the activity.

Question 20

Examples of acute cardiovascular responses:

Answer 20

Increased heart rate – to pump more blood and oxygen to the muscles

Increased stroke volume – more blood ejected per heartbeat

Increased cardiac output – the total blood pumped per minute rises

Increased blood pressure – to move blood faster through the body

Vasodilation in muscles – blood vessels widen to supply more oxygen

Question 21

Chronic (Long-term) what does it mean

Answer 21

Chronic (Long-term) Adaptations are permanent physiological changes that occur in the body as a result of regular, consistent physical activity or exercise over time (usually weeks to months).

These adaptations improve how efficiently your cardiovascular system functions at rest and during exercise.

Question 22

Examples of chronic cardiovascular adaptations:

Answer 22

Lower resting heart rate – the heart becomes more efficient and needs fewer beats to pump the same amount of blood

Increased stroke volume – the heart pumps more blood per beat

Increased cardiac output during exercise – more oxygen-rich blood reaches the muscles

Lower resting blood pressure – improved health of blood vessels

Improved capillarization – more capillaries in muscle tissues, improving oxygen delivery

These changes enhance endurance, performance, and overall heart health.

Question 23

What does Systolic mean

Answer 23

Systolic is the pressure of blood against the artery walls while the atria and ventricles contract.

Question 24

What does Diastolic mean

Answer 24

Diastolic is the pressure of the blood on the artery walls while the heart relaxes.

Question 25

What is Hypertension

Answer 25

Hypertension is defined as having a blood pressure higher than 140 mmHg over 90 mmHg. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to:- artery damage and narrowing coronary artery disease enlarged left heart heart failure stroke kidney failure

Question 26

Name the planes of movement

Answer 26

Sagittal Frontal Transverse

Question 27

What does the Frontal mean

Answer 27

split in half from the side of the body

Question 28

What does the Sagittal mean

Answer 28

middle ling all the way down

Question 29

What does transversal mean

Answer 29

Cut in half like from top then bottom

Question 30

Name the join anatomical terms

Answer 30

Superior/inferior Anterior / Posterior Medial/lateral Distal/proximal Superficial / deep

Question 31

What's the definition of superior and inferior

Answer 31

Higher - superior lower - inferior

Question 32

What's the definition of Anterior / Posterior

Answer 32

Anterior: refers to the front of the body. Posterior: term for the back of the body.

Question 33

What's the definition of Medial/lateral

Answer 33

Medial - toward the midline of the body (example, the middle toe is located at the medial side of the foot). Lateral - away from the midline of the body (example, the little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot).

Question 34

What's the definition of Distal/proximal

Answer 34

parts of the body further away from the center. For example, the hand is distal to the shoulder. Proximal – towards the origin of a limb. Distal – away from the origin of a limb.

Question 35

What's the definition of superficial/deep

Answer 35

closer to the surface of the body, as compared to 'deep', which means away from the body surface (usually more internally placed). For instance, the bony skull and vertebral column are superficial to the brain and spinal cord, which are deeper structures. Superficial meaning closer to the surface

Question 36

functions of a skeleton

Answer 36

shape movement protection blood production Support The skeleton provides the rigid framework that supports the body’s shape and posture. It anchors muscles, ligaments, and tendons, enabling the body to maintain its form and resist gravitational forces. For instance, the vertebral column supports the head and trunk, while the pelvis supports the weight of the upper body and provides a base for the lower limbs. Cleveland Clinic 2. Movement Bones act as levers, and joints serve as pivot points, facilitating movement when muscles contract. The appendicular skeleton, comprising the limbs and girdles, is particularly involved in locomotion. Muscles attach to bones via tendons, and bones are connected to each other at joints by ligaments, allowing for a wide range of movements. Lumen Learning Verywell Health +1 Science News Today +1 3. Protection The skeleton encases and safeguards vital organs: Louis +14 Biologynotesonline.com +14 Verywell Health +14 The skull protects the brain. The rib cage shields the heart and lungs. The vertebral column encases the spinal cord. The pelvis protects reproductive organs and the urinary bladder. BBC +5 Cleveland Clinic +5 Oregon State Open Educational Resources +5 4. Blood Cell Production Bone marrow, found in the cavities of certain bones, is the site of hematopoiesis—the production of blood cells. Red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, which are essential for oxygen transport, immune defense, and blood clotting, respectively. BBC +1 Verywell Health +1

Question 37

Sections of a skeleton

Answer 37

Axial appendicular labeled skeleton vertebrae

Question 38

classification of bones

Answer 38

Flat Long Irregular Sesamoid Short

Question 39

Examples of short bones

Answer 39

Carpals tarsals

Question 40

Examples of long bone

Answer 40

radius femur

Question 41

Examples of irregular bones

Answer 41

mandbible, sacrum, vertebrae,

Question 42

Examples of sesamoid bone

Answer 42

patella

Question 43

Examples of flat bone

Answer 43

cranium, scapula, ribs

Question 44

Classification of joints

Answer 44

fibrous cartilaginous synovial

Question 45

Fibrous joints

Answer 45

Fibrous joints are defined as the joints in which the bones are connected by fibrous tissue. They are called fixed or immovable joints as they do not allow any movement between the bones. skull bones, the bones of the ankle, between tooth roots, and the socket.

Question 46

cartilaginous joint

Answer 46

Cartilaginous joints have bones attached by hyaline or fibrous cartilage. Cartilaginous joints have bones attached by hyaline or fibrous cartilage. epiphyseal plate in long bones, sternocostal joint (synchondroses), and intervertebral and pubic symphyses.

Question 47

synovial joint

Answer 47

Synovial joints are freely mobile (diarthroses) and are considered the body's main functional joints hinge (elbow), saddle (carpometacarpal joint), planar (acromioclavicular joint), pivot (atlantoaxial joint), condyloid (metacarpophalangeal joint), and ball and socket (hip joint).

Question 48

types of synovial joints

Answer 48

ball in socket hinge

Question 49

Connective tissue

Answer 49

Ligaments tendons cartilage

Question 50

What does the ligament connect

Answer 50

two bones together, particularly in the joints:

Question 51

What does the Tendons connect

Answer 51

A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Tendons may also attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball. A tendon serves to move the bone or structure

Question 52

What does the cartilage connect

Answer 52

Supporting structures in your body: Cartilage helps your joints keep their shape while moving. It also connects other tissue together and to your bones. Muscles, tendons and ligaments

Question 53

Movement

Answer 53

Flexion/ extension Abduction/ adduction Rotation circumduction Pronation/ supination dorsi/ plantar flexion Inversion/ eversion

Question 54

Lablel

Answer 54

Bones

Question 55

Label

Answer 55

Muscles

Question 56

Label

Answer 56

Heart

Question 57

Long