Body systems for protection, support and movement (SAC 2) Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Cutan-
A
Skin
2
Q
Derm-
A
Skin
3
Q
Dermat-
A
Skin
4
Q
Integumentary system-function and e.g.
A
F= protects the body from things going in e.g. abrasion and things going out e.g. water
- skin
- hair
- nails
- glands
- ducts
5
Q
Structures of the skin- epidermis
A
- superficial layer
- no blood or nerve endings
- varies in density e.g. palms and soles are thickest
- no hair present
6
Q
Structure of the skin- dermis
A
- middle layer
- contains collagen and connective tissue interlaced with elastic fibres
- contains blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, sweat glands and ducts, sebaceous glands (oil), hair and arrestor pili muscles
- damaged= bleeding and pain
7
Q
Structures of the skin- subcutaneous or hypodermis
A
- continuous layer of tissue composed of adipose tissue and areolar tissue (collagen cells)
- functions as an insulator, energy store and shock absorber
- little to no pain b/c nerve endings destroyed
8
Q
First degree burns to skin
A
Only epidermis layer is damaged
- skin is pink to red
- skin is dry
- slight swelling
- tender to painful
e. g. sunburn
9
Q
Second degree burns to skin
A
Epidermis and dermis layers are damaged
- skin looks red and raw
- skin is moist (blisters)-> dehydration
- blisters contain clear fluid
- severe to extreme pain b/c nerve endings in dermis
10
Q
Third degree burns to skin
A
All 3 layers of skin are damaged
- skin is pearly-white, tan or charred
- skin is dry and leathery
- blood vessels and bones may be visible under skin
- little to no pain b/c nerve endings are destroyed
11
Q
Integumentary system functions
A
Protection Absorption Sensation Temperature (regulate and maintain reg body temp) Excretion D- vitamin D
12
Q
Integ system- protection
A
Intact barrier that prevents invasion by invaders, UV, trauma and chemicals
Chem barriers:
- skin secretions
- melanin (gives skin pigment)
Mechanical barriers:
- continuity of skin
- hardness of keratinised cells
- waterproofing (keratin)
Melanocytes= cells that protect the body from radiation
13
Q
Integ system- absorption
A
Limited absorption of drugs e.g. nicotine patches and some toxic chemicals e.g. Mercury
14
Q
Integ system- sensation
A
Sensory receptors are nerve endings in the dermis are sensitive to:
- touch (mechanoreceptors)
- pressure (mechanoreceptors)
- temperature (thermoreceptors)
- pain (nocioreceptors)
15
Q
Thermo-
A
Temp
16
Q
Mechano-
A
Touch/ pressure
17
Q
Nocio-
A
Pain
18
Q
Integ system- body temp
A
Regulates and maintains body temperature through thermoregulation and homeostasis
- vasodilation and vasoconstriction= radiation
- sweat glands= secretion and evaporation
- piloerection (goosebumps)= trap heat
19
Q
Integ system- excretion
A
Excrete sodium chloride in sweat, urea, garlic and other spices
Glands:
- sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)
- apocrine= open to hair follicle
- eccrine= open to skin
- sebaceous glands (oil)= attach to hair
20
Q
Integ system- Vitamin D
A
From the sun
Roles:
- calcium and phosphate in the formation and maintenance of bones
- support immune function
- regulates insulin levels
- cardiovascular health
21
Q
Onych-
A
Nail
22
Q
Ungu-
A
Nail
23
Q
Pil-
A
Hair
24
Q
Trich-
A
Hair
25
Hair-structure
Keratin filaments with a root and shaft and erector pili muscle attached= bundle of smooth muscle fibres attached to each hair follicle
26
Hair-functions
1. Body temp= piloerection traps hair and insulate body (warming) and facilitates evaporation as sweat (cooling)
2. Protection=
- sunburn e.g. scalp
- debris e.g. eyelashes
- foreign particles e.g. nose
3. Sense organ e.g. vestibular system in inner ear detects head movement and balance
27
Nail-structure
Hard horny keratin plates that protect the tips of fingers and toes
28
Nail-function
- prevent bone damage
| - grasp,dig and itch
29
Integ system-gland types
- sweat (sudoiferous) glands
- eccrine
- apocrine
- sebaceous (oil) glands
30
Eccrine vs apocrine
Epocrine=
- body temp reg
- smaller
- discharge onto skin surface
- mainly water and NaCl
Apocrine=
- armpits, scrotum, anus and labia
- larger
- ducts open and are attached to hair follicles
- acted upon by bacteria (on skin surface) -> odour
31
Sweat (sudoiferous) glands-structure
Secretory section= found in dermis in eccrine gland
-portion of sweat gland that is a twisted and coiled tube and opening at its top->production of sweat
Excretory duct= moves from secretory portion, through dermis and into epidermis from apocrine gland to hair
-opens at surface of skin
32
Sebaceous (oil) gland-structure, location and function
L=glands found on scalp, groin, face (not palms and soles)
S= secretory epithelial cells
F=
-secrete substance that has antimicrobial properties (sebum)
- keeps hair follicles soft and pliable
-prevents infection (fungicidal and bactericidal agent)
-prevents the skin from drying out and cracking (lubricant and prevents excess evaporation of water)
33
Maintain a healthy integumentary system
- bathe daily and wash hands often
- healthy diet and drink water
- sunscreen
- moisturise skin to maintain skin elasticity
- avoid tight clothing (can cause irritation)
- examine body often to look for abnormalities e.g. moles, unhealed skin
34
Musculoskeletal system-function and location
```
F=provides form, stability, support and movement
L=
-bones
-muscles
-tendons
-ligaments
-cartilage
-joints
```
35
Oste-
Bone
36
Arthr-
Joint
37
Chondro-
Cartilage
38
Cost-
Rib
39
Crani-
Skull
40
Myel-
Bone marrow
41
Pelv-
Pelvis/hipbone
42
Spondyl-
Vertebrae
43
Vertebr-
Vertebrae
44
Bones-structure
Made up of a protein known as collagen= soft
| Mineral calcium phosphate= hardens
45
Bones-tissue types
Compact (cortical):
- hard outer layer that is dense, strong and durable
- 80% of adult bone mass
- act as a barrier/ protect
Cancellous (spongy or trabecular):
- rod-like structures
- lighter, less dense and more flexible
- where RBCs are formed and stored
46
Cellular components of a bone
- osteoblasts
- osteocytes
- osteoclasts
47
Osteoblasts
- responsible for making new bone and repairing old bone (build)
- produce a protein mixture called osteoid that is mineralised and becomes bone
- manufactures hormones
- reabsorbs osteoclasts to form new bones
48
Osteocytes
- responsible for bone cell connection to osteoblasts and osteocytes and communication within bone tissue
- inactive osteoblasts b\c trapped in bone
49
Osteoclasts
- large cells with more than one nucleus
- responsible for breaking down bone
- release enzymes and acids to dissolve minerals in bone and digest them (resorption)
- helps remodel injured bones and create pathways for nerves and blood vessels
50
-penia
Deficiency
51
Bones-functions
```
Protection
Movement
Boundary
RBC production
Storage
```
52
Skeletal system- protection
Gives a supportive structure or framework for the body
53
Skeletal system- movement
Muscles are attached to bones via tendons and when they contract, bones are pulled therefore creating movement
54
Skeletal system- boundary
Boundary to the thoracic, pelvic and cranial cavities
| Protects vital organs e.g. cranium protects brain
55
Skeletal system- RBC production
Occurs in bone marrow in cancellous bone
| Produces lymphocytes/white blood cells involved in the immune response
56
Haemopoiesis
Red blood cell production in red bone marrow
57
-poiesis
Formation
58
Skeletal system- storage
Stores minerals like calcium, phosphorous, sodium and potassium
Functions of minerals:
- calcium= healthy bones and BP regulation
- phosphorous= healthy bones and teeth and maintain acid-base balance
- sodium= fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction
- potassium= fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction
59
Types of bones
- long
- short
- irregular
- flat
- sesamoid
60
Type of bones-long
- 2 extremities and a shaft (diaphysis)
- longer than they are wide e.g. femur
- strength, structure and mobility
61
Structure of long bones
Shaft (diaphysis) and 2 extremities (epiphysis)
1. Diaphysis= compact bone composed of fatty, yellow bone marrow
2. Epiphysis= outer cover of a compact bone and spongy bone on inside
3. Periosteum= 2 layered membrane
- outer layer= fibrous and tough for protection
- inner layer= osteoblasts and osteoclasts
62
Type of bone-short
- same width and length e.g. carpals in wrist
| - stability and some movement (gaps between bones)
63
Type of bone-irregular
- no regular shape or characteristics e.g. vertebra and skull bones (m and m)
- protect vital organs e.g. spine and brain
64
Type of bone-flat
- thin
- have flat areas for muscle attachment and enclose cavities to protect organs
- e.g. sternum and ribs, ilium in pelvis
65
Type of bone-sesamoid
- small bones developed in tendons around some joints
- reinforce and decrease stress on tendons
- e.g. patella
66
Axial skeleton
Long axis of body and includes ribcage, spine, skull and clavicle
67
Axial skeleton-spine
```
Cervical (neck)- 7 bones= C1 to C7
Thoracic (chest)- 12 bones= T1 to T12
Lumbar (waist)- 5 bones= L1 to L5
Sacral (lower back)- 5 fused bones= S1 to S5
Coccygeal (coccyx)- 4 fused bones
```
Saccrum= sacral and coccygeal- 9 fused bones
68
Specialised vertebrae
Atlas on top of axis
| -different structure=different function
69
Axial skeleton-rib cage
- ribs=outer- protect organs
- cartilage=inner- expansion and movement
- xiphoid process= bottom of sternum
- manubrium= plate
70
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of upper and lower limbs and their girdles that join to the axial skeleton
71
Appendicular skeleton- examples
- upper limbs incl hands
- lower limbs incl feet
- pelvis/ hipbone
- sacrum
- ilium
- pubis
- ischium
72
Joints
- links between the bones
- allow movement but also work to stabilise
e. g. fibrous, cartilagenous and synovial
73
Joints-fibrous
S- tough connective tissue
| F- no movement e.g. lines of the cranium
74
Joints- cartilagenous
S- connected entirely by cartilage
| F- allow for some movement and acts as a shock absorber e.g. ribs and sternum
75
Joints- synovial
S- a space with a capsule between two articulating bones that includes a ligament, synovial fluid (prevent friction) , articular cartilage (prevent friction) and a joint capsule (fibrous tissue around outside)
F- movement
76
Types of joints
Hinge= flexion and extension e.g. elbow, knee
Ball and socket= circumduction, multi-axial, adduction and abduction e.g. hip and shoulder
Pivot= rotation e.g. C1 and C2 in neck/ spine
Plane= prevent sliding and gliding e.g. carpals
Saddle= rotation e.g. thumb joint
Condyloid= flex, ext, adduction, abduction and circumduction e.g. phalanges
77
Connective tissue
- made of collagen and elastin fibres
- connect muscular and skeletal systems
e. g. tendons, ligaments, cartilage
78
Connective tissue-cartilage
```
S= specialised connective tissue that is avascular (slow healing b/c no blood supply)
F= shock absorption, joint lubrication and prevents friction
e.g.
-nose
-ears
-joints
-rib cage
-inverterbrate discs
```
79
Types of cartilage
Hyaline:
- smooth
- 'glassy' appearance
- lines articular surfaces of long bones
- no nerves or blood vessels
e. g. ribs and trachea
Fibrous:
- tough and strong
- collagen
- shock absorption
e. g. intervertebral discs, meniscus
Elastic:
- elastin=more flexible
e. g. pinnae (ear flap), epiglottis
80
Connective tissue-ligaments
S= regular collagen fibres, slightly elastic, strong fibrous band
F=connect bone to bone, movement and stability, support organs
e.g.
-ACL
-PCL
-anterior talofibular ligament (ankle)
81
Connective tissue-tendons
S=soft, less elastic, arranged in parallel fibres
F=connect muscle to bone, transfer force to create movement
e.g.
-achilles tendon
-distal biceps tendon
82
Sprain vs strain
Strain= tendons and muscles
| Sprain=ligaments
83
Ligament-
Ligament
84
Muscul-
Muscle
85
My-
Muscle
86
Myos-
Muscle
87
Ten-
Tendon
88
Tendin-
Tendon
89
-rraphy
Surgical suture
90
-trophy
Development
91
Muscle types
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth
92
Muscle tissue-characteristics
- excitability/irritability= ability to receive and respond to stimuli
- contractility= ability to shorten forcibly
- extensibility= ability to be stretched or extended
- elasticity= ability to recoil and resume original resting length
93
Skeletal muscle-functions
- generate movement e.g. bicep
- maintain posture e.g. abdominals, latissimus dorsi
- stability e.g. abdominals when gluten are contracted
- control the movement of substances
- food=peristalsis
- urine and faeces
- blood/lymph
- homeostasis= generate heat via shivering and piloerection
94
Muscles-fibre arrangement
- multipennate= 2+ branches that produces more force e.g. deltoid
- bipennate= 2 branches that produce medium force e.g. hamstring
- unipennate= one branch that produces less force e.g. tibialis anterior
- fusiform= muscle belly contracts medium force and low force e.g. bicep
- circular= voluntary e.g. sphincters in urinary and digestive systems
95
Skeletal muscle- structure
- epimysium= outer layer of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle
- perimysium= connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibres into fascicles within a skeletal muscle
- endomysium= Loose, well-hydrated connective tissue covering each muscle fibre in a skeletal muscle
- fasicle= bundle of muscle fibres within a skeletal muscle
- sarcolemma= plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fibre
- sarcoplasm= cytoplasm of muscle cell
- sarcomere= repeating functional units of skeletal muscle with proteins (actin and myosin) involved in contraction
- muscle fibre= single muscle cell
- sarcoplasmic reticulum= specialised SER which stores, releases and retrieves Ca+
96
Calcium function in skeletal muscles
Allows proteins (actin and myosin) to attract to each other therefore shortening the muscle and contracting
97
Sliding filament theory
1. Action potential arrives at neuromuscular junction
2. Release of acetylcholine (hormone)
3. Sodium channels open that leads to action potential in sarcolemma
4. Release Ca+
5. Myosin binds to actin (protein)
6. Actin and myosin slide over each there (contract)
7. Muscle fibres shorten (contract)
8. Force transmitted through tendon
9. Pull on bones to generate movement
