Bolded Vocab in Textbook Flashcards by Samantha Anderson

Hemolyze blood, complete break down hemoglobin, clear pigment zones of inhibition

B hemolysins

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Microorganisms found in or on body, usually harmless

Normal microflora

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Drug made partly in a lab and partly by microorganism

Semisynthetic drug

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Microbial produced chemical that inhibits growth or kills microorganism

Antibiotic

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When thriving populations of normal microflora compete with pathogenic organisms and in some instances actively combat their own growth

Microbial Antagonism

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A phenomenon when microbes show mutualistic or commensalistic behavior that prevents colonization of other harmful, disease causing microbes

Microbial competition

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Time required to kill a specific bacteria at a specific given temp

Thermal death time

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Refers to the intensity of the disease produced by pathogen and it varies amongst different microbial species (Microorganisms tend to grow stronger host after host because they build resistance)

Virulence factors of WBCs

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(1) Capsules
(2) Attachment Pili
(3) Adhesins
(4) Leukostatin
(5) Streptokinase

Virulence factors of bacteria

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Glycomycolic acid and waxy outside

Mycobacteria

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Determines the minimum bacteriocidal concentration

(1) Take a loopful of the inoculated dilution of chemotherapeutic agent and organism tube with no growth
(2) Put a loopful of each dilution into each broth
(3) Determine which broth shows no growth in it at minimum concentration to determine the minimum bacteriocidal concentration

MBC (minimum bacterial concentration)

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(1) Prepare a series of chemotherapeutic agent in decreasing dilutions
(2) Obtain a test organism and inoculate wach tube
(3) Observe the growth inside each test tube. Whichever tube has no amount of growth at the lowest concentration/highest dilution would be determine the minimum inhibitory concentration

MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)

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(1) I an enzyme that classifies as a type of virulence factor
(2) Breaks down the B lactam ring that is present in penicillin, making penicillin inactive
(3) Purpose of B lactam ring is that it inhibits cell wall synthesis by using the B lactam ring to bind to the enzyme that cross links peptidoglycans, inhibiting growth of the cells
(4) The patient cannot use penicillin as a result because it is inactive and wont treat the infection

Beta lactamase

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Surfactant, kills bacteria, fungi algae

QUATS (Quaternary ammonium compounds)

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(1) Proteins of glycoproteins found on attachment pili and capsules
(2) Helps pathogen adhere to receptor on membrane

Adhesins

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Growth of organism on epithelial surfaces

Colonization

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Breaks down hyaluronic acid which glues cells together, as a result lets pathogens in through gaps between cells

Hyaluronidase

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Dissolves blood clots

Streptokinase

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Blood clot allowing bacteria safety but doesn’t allow it to spread

Coagulase

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Hemolyze blood, partially break down hemoglobin, produce green pigment

A hemolysins

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Exotoxins,damage/destroy WBCs (neutrophils and macrophages)

Leukocidins

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Toxin that cannot cause harm

Toxoid

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Interferes with ability of leukocyte to engulf microorganism

Leukostatin

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Results from ingesting a toxin

Intoxication

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Exotoxins acting on tissue of the nervous tissue

Neurotoxin

Exotoxins that act on tissue of the gut

Enterotoxin

Produces infectious offspring

Productive infection

Fails to produce offspring

Abortive infection

Virus stays dormant, Herpes Virus

Latent viral infection

Prolonged production of virus for months to years

Persistant viral infection

Aftereffects of disease

Sequelae

Increase number of WBCs circulating in blood

Leukocytosis

(1) First step | (2) Time between infection and signs and symptoms

Incubation phase

(1) Second step | (2) Short period with mild symptoms, malaise

Prodromal phase

Feelings of upcoming illness

Prodrome

(1) Third step | (2) Period in which individual experiences signs and symptoms

Invasive period

Symptoms are at their highest point

Acme

Sudden or severe symptoms

Fulminating

Act on human thermostat "hypothalamus"

Pyrogens

(1) Fourth step | (2) Treatment overcomes pathogen

Decline phase

(1) Final step | (2) tissues are being repaired

Convalescence period

Microorganisms ALWAYS on the body

Resident microflora

Organisms temporarily on body

Transient microflora

Invade and progressively digest cells and produce toxins

Pathogenic fungi

Damage tissue by ingesting cells and tissue fluid

Protozoa and Helminths

Fungus that is part of normal human flora

Thrush

Secretes proteins elicits from virus-infected cells that induce neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins that prevent these cells from becoming infected

Interferons

Drugs that prevent microorganisms from developing

Synergist drug

Drugs made synthetically in a lab

Synthetic drug

Chemical agent used to treat microbe causing disease

Antimicrobial agent

Use of any chemical agent in treatment of disease

Chemotherapy

Any chemical agent used in medical practice

Chemotherapeutic agent

Nucleic acid bases and their analogs are similar in structure to nucleotides so they incorporate themselves in place of correct molecules acting as a metabolite

Base analogs

(1) In which 2 species live together in a relationship where neither benefits or is harmed (2) Ex: Microorganisms that live on our skin and benefit from our oil secretions

Commensalism

Contagious diseases that can be passed to other cells

Communicable diseases

Is a form of enzyme inhibition where binding to the inhibitor of the active site on the enzyme prevents binding to the substrate

Competitive inhibition

Means that microorganisms are present on inanimate objects or the surface of skin and mucous membranes

Contamination

(1) Contamination: Nurse doesn't wear gloves and comes in contact with a skin wound contaminate but washes her hands after and is fine (2) Infection: Same nurse, but instead of being ok, the organisms from the wound infection seep into a cut and cause redness and then she is ok (3) Disease: Same nurse as above but after redness forms, boils begins to form and she can no longer use her hand properly

Contamination vs Infection vs Disease

High fever that has risen rapidly breaks suddenly

Crisis

Viruses that cause observable changes

Cytopathic effects

The more diluted the drug is and is effective, the cheaper it is for the drug

Dilution of a drug

Occurs when an infection disrupts the normal functioning of the hose and the host can normal carry out its normal functions

Disease

(1) Can interfere with other medications (2) Can cause allergic reactions (3) Protozoal and fungal infections can occur when your flora is effected because they take advantage of when your body is down

Downsides of antimicrobial agents

(1) Important to take full dosage until the end because you must get rid of the highly resistant organisms in order to (a) give your immune system a chance to defend itself (b) prevent the highly resistant organism from running rampant (c) First to go are sensitive organisms then intermediate and then resistant

Drug usage

(1) Determines antibiotic sensitivity and estimates MIC (2) Petri dish with bactericidal organism and a plastic strip with antibiotic on it is used (3) Measure the zone of inhibition for sensitivity or resistance (4) The point at which inhibition begins indicates MIC for that antibiotic

Epsilometer test

Always compared to phenol

Effectiveness of antimicrobial agents

Exotoxins that act on tissue of the gut

Enterotoxins

(1) Available medical expertise not always applied (2) Infectious agents are often highly adaptable (3) Previously unknown organisms become apparent (4) Immigration and international travels leads to worldwide spread of diseases

Factors making eradication difficult

Any organism that harbors another organism

Host

The cause of disease is unknown

Idiopathic disease

Refers to the presence of larger parasites such as worms or arthropods in or on the body causing a more severe infection

Infestation

Ability of pathogen to invade and grow in host tissue

Invasiveness

Tests for antimicrobial resistance, uses a universal MH plate

Kirby Bauer test

When a low fever that arose gradually returns gradually back to normal

Lysis

(1) Protein folding is disrupted (2) Heat is used (3) Attach groups to protein (4) Oxidizing agent removes hydrogen (5) Hydrolysis occurs (6) Proteins either become permanently (eggs) or temporarily (warmed milk) damaged

Mechanisms of action (denaturing proteins)

Alteration of drug target leads to mutations allowing organisms to change ribosomes to it can pick up usual virus

Mechanism of resistance

Organism changes membrane structure and doesn't allow drug to come in anymore or pumps the drug back out (Alterations of metabolic pathways)

Membrane permeability

(1) Start with plate with mixed population of bacteria varying in resistance (2) Then place antibiotic in the petri dish (3) Only the organisms with sufficient resistance will survive (4) Organism doesn't develop resistance but it already had it

Methods of detecting genetic resistance

Non contagious diseases (Ex: food poisoning)

Non communicable diseases

In which both members of the association living together benefit from the relationship (Ex: relationship between termites and protozoa that allow termites to eat wood and digest it) (Ex: E.coli in the gut)

Mutualism

Diseases caused by any factor other than infectious organisms

Noninfectious diseases

Disease that live on the body and cause no harm, most is bacteria

Normal microflora

When microorganisms take advantage of certain conditions so they can infect

Opportunistic infections

In which an organism "parasite" benefits from a host parasite relationship but the host is harmed and slowly dies

Parasitism

Harmless microbe (commensalism) becomes harmful and act as a parasite under certain circumstances when it gains parts to the body it is normally not in

Parasitism vs Commensalism

(1) Middle and inner ear (2) Sinuses (3) Internal eyes (4) Bone marrow and blood (5) Muscles, organs, Glands (6) Circulatory system (7) Brain and spinal cord (8) Saliva, Urine, Semen

Parts of body that are usually microbe free

The capacity to produce disease

Pathogenicity

(1) Microorganism gains access to the host (2) M.O adheres to and colonizes on cell surfaces (3) M.O invades tissue (4) M.O produces toxins (5) Disease occurs

Relationship of microorganisms to disease

Aftereffects of disease post-recovery

Sequelae

A characteristic of the disease that can be observed; Ex: swelling, redness, fever, vomiting

Sign

An association between two or more species encompasses a spectrum of relationships including mutualism, commensalism and parasitism

Symbiosis

A characteristic of a disease that can be observed or felt by only the patient (Ex: fatigue, nausea, headaches, discomfort)

Symptoms

A combination of signs and symptoms that occur together and are indicative of a particular disease or abnormal condition, sometimes body initiates an cute inflammatory response

Syndrome

The temp at which kills all organisms of a culture instantaneously

Thermal death point

The spreading of exotoxins in the blood

Toxemia

Toxin that doesn't infect us but allows us to build an immune response to

Toxoid

A lab technique which a pathogen is passed from the starter host to many others so that the pathogen initially becomes no longer virulent to the starter host

Transposal of Virulence

(1) Double antibiotic therapy with 2 antibiotics linked together (2) Beta lactamase bacteria present which inactivates the B lactam antibiotic (Penicillin) (3) However, Quinolene which is also attached to penicillin is released and becomes active when the ring is broken and kills the organism

Using antibiotics together (Double antibiotic therapy against B lactamase producing bacteria)

(1) Double antibiotic therapy with 2 antibiotics linked together (2) Organisms that are unable to produce B lactamase and cant break B lactam present (3) Single ring in never broken so organism is never exposed to Quinolene and no resistance can occur (4) B lactam drug is active

Using antibiotics together (Double antibiotic therapy against non B lactamase producing bacteria

(1) Single beta lactam antibiotic against beta lactamase producing bacteria (2) Beta lactamase bacteria breaks the beta lactam antibiotic ring, bacteria multiply and infection continues

Using antibiotics together (Single beta lactam antibiotic against B lactamase producing bacteria)

(1) Pathogens enter host and reach cells (2) Pathogen releases hyaluronidase which breaks down hyaluronic acid between cells which allows pathogen to go between cells (3) Pathogens enter through gaps between cells (4) pathogen Produces coagulase (5) Coagulase acts as a defense mechanism because the blood clot formed helps keep the pathogen safe (6) Streptokinase is then released by the pathogen when its ready, to dissolve the blood clot and then releasing bacteria into the blood stream

Virulence factor of pathogens/ bacteria

(1) the specific causative agent must be found in every case of the disease (2) The disease organism must be isolated in pure culture (3) Inoculation of a sample culture into a healthy susceptible animal must produce the same disease (4) The disease organism must be recovered from the inoculated animal

Kochs postulates germ theory

(1) Test is performed by obtaining a sample of a patients bloods while the patient is receiving an antibiotic and checking whether the organisms were killed

Serum killing power

Blood plasma minus the clotting factors

Serum

The property of antimicrobial agents that allow them to exert greater toxic effects on microbes than on the host

Selective toxicity

The concentration over a period of time required to eliminate a pathogen

Therapeutic dosage level

Measure of the toxicity of an agent to the body relative to its toxicity for an infectious organism

Chemotherapeutic agent

Bolded Vocab in Textbook Flashcards

(107 cards)