Diseases and Infections Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
(1) Invasion through hair follicles “folliculitis” aka pimples
(2) Hospital personnel can spread this
(3) Seen in older patients only when foreign bodies are present
A
Staphylococcal infections
2
Q
Deep pus filled infection
A
Pyoderma
3
Q
Another name for pimples
A
Pustules
4
Q
An exterior abscess
A
Furuncle
5
Q
A larger, deeper, pus filled infection
A
Abscess
6
Q
Further spread of an infection creating massive lesions
A
Carbuncle
7
Q
(1) S. aureus (2) Exotoxin strain produced from a plasmid (3) Exfoliatins are present (4) Toxin is carried in circulation so all parts of the body can be damaged
A
Scalded skin syndrome
8
Q
(1) Streptococcus pyogenes (2) Complications lead to “Scarlet Fever” rash caused by erythrogenic toxin carried on prophage (3) Another complication is rheumatic fever which is inflamed kidney
A
Streptococcal infections
9
Q
(1) Causes by hemolytic streptococci (2) Makes Hyaluronidase (3) Can spread through tissue (4) Spreads through lymphatics causing septicemia (5) “Flesh eating bacteria” which makes enzyme proteases which gives the organism the ability to digest human tissue
A
Erysipelas
10
Q
Caused by hemolytic streptococci
A
St Anthonys Fire
11
Q
(1) Pyoderma lesions caused by Staphylococci and Streptococci (2) Common in kids (3) Highly contagious (4) Can treat with penicillin (5) Mixed infection
A
Impetigo
12
Q
(1) Propionibacterium acnes [anaerobic]
(2) bacteriophages form and go against specific strains of acne causing bacteria
(3) As sebaceous glands secrete more oil, organisms multiply
(4) overgrowth leads to skin pores becoming clogged and inflamed
(5) Treatment can range from low level antibiotic to Accutane [teratogen]
(6) Skin infection
A
Acne
13
Q
(1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa [gram (-)] starts growing under scabs or “eschar” that develops over burned skin
(2) Infection is hard to detect
(3) Scab must be removed or “debridement” so the organism can not continue to grow
(4) Organism makes tissue-killing toxins
(5) Skin infection
A
Burn Infections
14
Q
A frequent colonizer that can be found in whirlpools and is difficult to eliminate
A
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
15
Q
Thick crust or scab that forms over sever burns
A
Eschar
16
Q
Removal of eschar through surgical scraping technique
A
Debridement
17
Q
(1) Conjunctivitis of the newborn
(2) Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis present in the birth canal infects the eyes of the baby
(3) Silver nitrate or tetracycline are used for treatment
(4) Eye infection
(5) Adults can transfer bacteria to the eye from genitals
(6) Pyogenic
(7) Can cause keratitis
A
Opthalmia Neonatorum
18
Q
(1) Bacterial conjunctivitis
(2) Staphylococci, Streptococci, Neisseria and Pseudomonas
(3) Can be treated with a sulfonamide ointment
(4) Eye infection
A
pink eye
19
Q
(1) Swollen conjunctivitis
(2) Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
(3) Can lead to blindness
(4) Leads to secondary infections
(5) Eye infection
A
Trachoma
20
Q
(1) Can be ascending or descending (Kidney to bladder to urethra or vice versa)
(2) E.coli causes 80% but so can Proteus and Klebsiella
(3) Opportunistic infection
(4) Nosocomial infections due to procedures such as catheterization
(5) Common when you get older
(6) Urogenital disease
A
UTI
21
Q
Pain or burning on urination indicative of urethral infections
A
Dysuria
22
Q
Inflammation of the urethra
A
Urethritis
23
Q
Inflammation of the bladder
A
Cystitis
24
Q
(1) Gardnerella vaginalis [normal flora organism] interacts with anaerobic bacteria when pH rises leads to infection
(2) Opportunistic infection
(3) Vaginal epithelial cells covered with Gardnerella “clue cells”
(4) Urogenital disease
A
Bacterial Vaginitis
25
An infection of the penis that corresponds to female vaginitis
Balantis
26
(1) S aureus strains that make exotoxin "C" cause the disease
(2) Symptoms such as fever, rash and drop in BP (shock)
(3) Any part of body infected with exotoxin producing strain can cause this syndrome
(4) Urogenital disease
Toxic Shock Syndrome
27
(1) Neisseria Gonorrhoeae causes infection
(2) Attachment pili, a proteae which can cleave the IgA [dominant antibody in all of our body openings] and endotoxin [gram (-)] = virulence factor
(2) Can survive in Polymorphonuclear leukocytes [WBCs protect and transport organism]
(3) Humans are only natural host
(4) Sexually transmitted
(5) Infection can lead to Pelvic inflammatory disease
(6) Can cause eye infections, sterility in men, arthritis
(7) Can survive in pus for hours and on "fomites" like sheets
Gonorrhea
28
(1) Treponema pallidium is Sexually transmitted or through saliva
(2) 6 stages:
(2a) Incubation:
(2b) Primary Infection: "Chancre" or open wound is present
(2c) Primary latent: Spirochete organism is in circulation
(2d) Secondary: Skin eruptions, Mucous patches in mouth and pustular rashes form HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
(2e) Secondary latent: Symptoms subside and organism can cross the placenta and infect fetus
(2f) Tertiary: All organs on the body can be damaged by the organism, tissue becomes "walled off" due to inflammatory response called "gumma"
(3) Gumma and Chancre are clear signs of syphilis
Syphilis
29
a hard, painless non discharging open wound/lesion
Chancre
30
Soft chancre
Chancroid
31
(1) Due to the formation of granulomatous inflammations
| (2) Tissue that walls off
Gummas
32
Neurological damage
Neurosyphilis
33
(1) Cause by the intracellular organism Chlamydia trachomatis
(2) Causes nongonococcal urethritis (NGU not caused by gonorrhea) leading to PID
(3) Hard to detect because there are no clear symptoms most of the time
Chlamydia Infection
34
Results from self inoculation with C. trachomatis
Inclusion conjunctivitis
35
Infant acquired chlamydia
Inclusion blennorrhea
36
Frequently a part of our normal flora and can cause NGU
Mycoplasma hominis
37
(1) Upper and Lower respiratory Tract disease
(2) Corynebacterium diptheria causes disease
(3) Organism makes an exotoxin carried on a prophage which inhibits protein synthesis
(4) Organism causes pseudomembrane to be formed in the airway causing suffocation
(5) Exotoxin can also get into the circulation and damage other organs
(6) Humans are only host
(Toxoid part of the DTP vaccine)
Diptheria
38
Result of diphtheria, is a mix of the organism, damaged epithelial cells, fibrin and blood cells
Pseudomembrane
39
(1) Bordatella pertusis causes infection
(2) Infects humans only
(3) Makes exotoxin and endotoxin so gram (-/+)
(4) 3 stages of the disease
(4a) Catarrhal (dry cough)
(4b) Paroxysmal with a complication of cyanosis (turning blue) if airways become blocked giving "whooping" cough sound
(4c) Convalescent mild cough
(5) Whole Cell vaccine [DTP vaccine]
(6) Lung tissue damaged and ribs can be broken
(7) Upper and lower resp.
Whooping cough (pertusis)
40
First stage of pertussis, Involves fever, mild and dry cough, sneezing and vomiting
Catarrhal stage
41
(1) Second stage of pertussis, usually two or three weeks after first stage
(2) Mucus and masses fill up airway and immobilize the cilia
(3) Strong , sticky, roselike strings of mucus in the airway elicit violent coughing "whooping" sound
Paroxysmal stage
42
(1) Result of mucus blocked airways
| (2) Bluing of the skin because too little oxygen gets to the blood
Cyanosis
43
(1) After paroxysmal stage
(2) 1-6 weeks
(3) Milder cough
Convalescent stage
44
(1) Streptococcus pneumoniae is most common
(2) There is a vaccine for S. pneumoniae and is recommended for younger and older people
(3) Inflammation of the lungs
(4) Upper and Lower resp.
Pneumonia
45
(1) Lacks a cell wall
(2) Penicillin would NOT be used
(3) It is often called "primary atypical pneumonia" or "walking pneumonia"
(4) One of the smallest bacterial pathogens
(4) Upper and lower resp.
Mycoplasma Pneumonia
46
(1) Cause by Legionelle pneumophila
(2) Survives in WBCs and in the environment
(3) Not contagious
(4) Infects those who are immunocompromised
(5) Transmitted by aerosol (ex: AC, humidifiers)
(6) Gram (-)
(7) Upper and lower resp.
Legionnaires disease
47
(1) A mild legionellosis named after the outbreak in Michigan
Pontiac fever
48
(1) Mycobacterium [fatty lipid layer, grows slow] tuberculosis
(2) Survives in macrophages and WBCs
(3) Survives in sputum for months
(4) Cannot get rid of TB completely, it just lays dormant
(5) Vaccine not effective because it makes everyone positive for TB on skin tests even if they only are because vaccine
(6) Rise in resistance since AIDS
(7) Skin test [mycobacterium protein put against skin to look for presence of red bump which means +]
(8) Drug cocktails for TB: Isoniazid, Rifampin and ethambutol
(9) sometimes part of lung is removed
(10) M. bovis can infect humans through unpasteurized milk
(11) Lower and Upper resp.
TB
49
(1) Frequently seen in AIDS patients
| (2) Infected cells become casts
Disseminated TB
50
TB spread through circulatory system
Military TB
51
Lung lesions with tissue death
Tubercles
52
A "cheesy" appearance in the tubercles
Caseous
53
(1) Food that has preformed toxins in it
(2) Intoxication is cause of disease rather than infection
(3) Staphylococcus, Clostridium (perfingens and botulinum) and Bacillus cereus cause food poisoning
(4) GI tract
Food poisoning
54
(1) C. botulinum
(2) S. aureus
(3) B. cereus
(4) C. perfringens
Organisms in food poisoning
55
(1) Another term for food poisoning
| (2) Secretes Enterotoxins A or D
Enterotoxicosis
56
(1) Makes enterotoxins A or D
(2) Inflames the intestines and stimulates vomiting center of brain
(3) Heat stable toxin
(4) GI tract
S aureus (food poisoning)
57
(1) Makes enterotoxin
(2) endospore former
(3) Toxin is released during sporulation stage of the organism
(4) Can cause gas gangrene which is dead tissue due to lack of oxygen
(5) Organism is an anaerobe so grows deep in tissue
(6) Destroys host and will cause death
(7) Releases enzymes called proteases which lead to serious infection
(8) GI tract
Clostridium perfringens
58
(1) Makes enterotoxin
(2) Commonly in rice dished
(3) Food poisoning
(4) GI tract
Bacillus Cereus
59
Food poisoning organism
Botulinum
60
(1) Inflammation of the intestine
(2) Usually the small intestine
(3) If large intestine it is called dysentery
(4) Systemic infection or "enteric fevers"
(5) GI tract
Enteritis
61
An intestinal infection, NOT an intoxication or food poisoning
Bacterial enteritis
62
"Strain"
Serovars
63
A severe diarrhea that often contains large quantities of mucus and sometimes blood or even pus
Dysentery
64
When pathogens spread through the body from the intestinal mucosa and cause systemic infections (aka Enterocolitis)
Enteric fevers
65
(1) Salmonella enteridis
(2) Composed of many serovars "strains"
(3) Can contaminate water, animals, reptiles, humans, meat, dairy
(4) Makes an endotoxin (gram -)
(5) Complications involve enterocolitis leading to chronic infection of the gallbladder
(6) GI tract
Salmonellosis
66
Serious condition caused by S. typhimurium and S. paratyphi
Enterocolitis
67
(1) Salmonella typhi serovar
(2) Travels from intestine into the lymph tissue and multiplies in the macrophages
Makes "rose spots" on abdomen
(3) Systemic
(4) Makes an endotoxin which can lead to septicemia
(5)Can survive in gallbladder
(6) Attenuated vaccine is available
(7) GI tract
(8) Typhoid mary who was a cook and spread typhoid to all the people she cooked for
Typhoid Fever
68
(1) Bacillary dysentary
(2) Makes endotoxin which causes disease
(3) Many serovars
(4) Humans and Primates are main hosts
(5) Cause: Ingested food in an unclean environment
(6) S. dysenteriae serovar makes a neurotoxin called Shiga toxin which can lead to coma
(7) Dehydration and electrolyte loss
(8) GI tract
(9) Serovar A-D
(10) Children age 1-10 are most susceptible
Shigellosis
69
(1) Vibrio cholerae
(2) Makes enterotoxin called choleragen which damages intestinal lining = nutrient loss
(3) "Rice water stools" are a characteristic of the infection leading to dehydration
(4) Contaminates water and sea food within it
(5) Vibrio parahemolyticus is a more mild form of the disease "Vibriosis"
(6) GI tract
Cholera
70
Affects people anywhere sanitation is poor
Asiatic cholera
71
(1) Travellers diarrhea
(2) Enteroinvasive strains make K antigenfrom plasmids allowing attachment and invasion of mucosal cells, destroys intestinal lining
(3) Enterotoxigenic strains make enterotoxins carried on plasmids which release toxins
(4) After recovery of infection, person can become lactose intolerant and be left with IBS
(5) Water is always checked to make sure its clear of E. coli "Coliform counts"
(6) GI tract
E. coli
72
Nicknames such as "Delhi belly" and "Montezumas revenge"
Travelers diarrhea
73
(1) Have a plasmid with a gene coding for a particular surface antigen called "K antigen" which allows strain to invade mucosal cells
(2) Strain of E.coli
Enteroinvasive strains
74
(1) Contain a plasmid that enables them to make an enterotoxin
(2) Strain of E.coli
Enterotoxigenic strains
75
Enteritis caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibriosis
76
(1) O157:H7 found in cattle intestines and fecal material
(2) Leads to contamination of water, food and produce
(3) Shiga toxins 1 and 2 are made in this strain
(4) Hemorrhagic uremic syndrome can lead to kidney failure and death
(5) Spreads out of intestine and causes problems to intestinal tract and then kidney
(6) Shigella and E.coli are similar
(7) Opportunistic infection
(8) GI tract
Entero hemorrhagic strains
77
(1) Most common cause of acute kidney failure in children in the US
Hemorrhagic uremic syndrome (HUS)
78
Becoming increasingly associated with human gastroenteritis
Campylobacter food poisoning
79
(1) Seen often in undercooked chicken
(2) Results in copious diarrhea
(3) More common than Salmonella from chicken
(4) GI tract
Campylobacter jejuni and C. fetus
80
(1) Yersinia enterocolitica
(2) Contaminates almost any food but prefers marine environments and cold temps
(3) Produces enterotoxin
(4) Severe enteritis
Yersiniosis
81
(1) Helicobacter pylori
(2) ^ can survive acidity of the stomach since it can neutralize pH
(3) Multiplies in mucosa and leads to ulcers
(4) Ulcers can be treated with antibiotics
(5) Links with stomach cancer
(6) Chronic gastritis = stomach inflammation
(6) GI tract
Peptic Ulcers
82
(1) Healthy stomach lining
(2) Invaded by H. pylori which is a spiral shaped bacterium
(3) Gastritis occurs
(4) Peptic ulcers form
(4a) H. pylori invade the cells and dissolve the epithelium
(5) Stomach cancer can be a result
Stomach ulcer formation
83
(1) Gram positive
(2) Endospore forming rod
(3) Anaerobic
(4) Part of normal flora
(5) Nosocomial infections
(6) Cause of antibiotic associates colitis AND pseudomembranous colitis
(7) Produce two toxins
(8) Enterotoxin responsible for most of the observable symptoms
(9) Relapse of infection due to endospore germination once off antibiotics
(10) Opportunistic
(11) Fecal transplant
Clostridium difficile
84
Condition characterized by the formation of a membrane covering on the mucosal surface of the colon, caused by Clostridium difficile
Pseudomembranous colitis
85
(1) Streptococcus pyogenes
(2) After vaginal delivery, the uterine walls become irritated and organisms enter the site and spread through blood strem
(3) B hemolytic
(3) Systemic disease
Puerperal fever
86
(1) Common cause of death before antibiotics became available
(2) Another name for Puerperal Fever
Childbed fever
87
(1) Causes Neonatal sepsis
(2) Meningitis can be a possible complication
(3) Baby becomes contaminated through birth canal
(4) "Group b" is just the type of carbohydrate
(5) Systemic disease
Group B streptococci
88
(1) Streptococcus pyrogenes
(2) Fever, rash and arthritis
(3) Heart damage is a complication,
(4) Antibodies are considered cross reactive since they go against protein on the organism as well as on the heart muscle
(5) Systemic disease
(6) following infection by beta hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes
(7) Multisystem disorder
Rheumatic fever
89
(1) Bacillus anthracis causes infection
(2) Results from spores eaten or breathed in
(3) 3 types
(3a) Cutaneous (3b) Respiratory (3c) Intestinal
(4) Plasmids carry genes for 3 exotoxins which inhibit macrophages from destroying the organism
(4a) Lethal factor (4b) Edema factor (4c) Protective antigen
(5) Blood clots in lung capillaries cause death
(6) All virulence factors are on plasmids
(7) Organism must have 3 virulence factors (7a) Capsule (7b) Edema and Lethal factor (7c) 3 toxins that react together (7d) NOTE: all virulence factors are on plasmids so transfers fast
(8) Systemic disease
(9) Blood clots in the lung capillaries causing death
Anthrax
90
Form of anthrax that has a mortality rate of 10-20% if not treated but 1% if treated
Cutaneous Anthrax
91
Almost ALWAYS fatal type of anthrax
Respiratory anthrax
92
The form of anthrax has a fatality rate of around 25-50%
Intestinal anthrax
93
When Lethal factor and edema factor bind to a protective antigen to make the organism virulent
Active edema toxin and lethal toxin
94
(1) Yersinia pestis
(2) Makes exotoxins inhibiting macrophages and immune system
(3) Found in wild rodents which can be bitten by fleas and then passed to humans
(4) Travels through the lymph tissue causing them to swell, called "buboes"
(5) Can cause pneumonic plague if in bloodsteam, which spread directly to other humans and is usually fatal
(6) Can be passed by a flea
(7) Systemic disease
Plague
95
Lymph node enlargements, symptom of the plague
Buboes
96
"Black death" causes skin to turn black and buboes form
Bubonic Plague
97
Type of plague when organisms move from the lymphatics into the circulatory system
Septicemia plague
98
(1) Type of plague occurs with lung involvement and can be spread when aerosol droplets from a coughing patient are inhaled
(2) Fatal
(3) Happens when bubonic plague does not leave the body and enters into the bloodstream
Pneumonic plague
99
(1) Borrelia burgdorferi causes the disease
(2) Deers, ticks and rodents are the source of the organism and can spread to humans
(3) "Bulls eye rash" is a telltale sign
(4) Early antibiotic treatment is necessary to prevent complications such as nerve damage and arthritis
(5) "Bulls eye" is an immune response that is involved with complications like arthritis and nerve cell damage
(6) Systemic disease
Lyme Disease
100
(1) Caused by gram (-) obligate intracellular parasites, tick bites
(2) Emerging disease
(3) Damages blood vessel lining
(4) Arthropod vectors (ticks and fleas)
(5) Leakage from blood vessels cause skin lesions called "petechiae"
(6) Systemic disease
(7) Gram (-)
Rickettsial systemic diseases
101
Leakage from blood vessel causing skin lesion, pinpoint size hemorrhages
Petechiae
102
(1) Caused by Rickettsia prowazekii
(2) Gotten from bites of body lice which release organism
(3) Can spread easily in overcrowded and unclean environments
(4) Scratching the bite area causes the organism to enter the skin
(5) Recurrence of this infection is called "Brill-Zinsser" disease
(6) Vaccine is available
(7) Systemic disease
Epidemic typhus
103
(1) Due to reoccurrence of "Epidemic typhus"
| (2) Systemic disease
Brill-Zinsser disease
104
(1) tsutsugamushi disease caused by Rickettsie tsutsugamushi and is spread through mites causing fever, chills, headache
Scrub Typhus
105
AKA "murine typhus" and is associated with rats, caused by Rickettsia typhi
Endemic typhus
106
(1) Caused by Rickettsia and is transmitted by ticks
(2) Antibiotics used to treat infection
(3) Lethal if untreated
(4) Systemic disease
(5) Type of Rickettsial systemic Diseases
Rocky mountain spotted fever
107
(1) Neisseria meningitidis often caused by 3 strains (A,B,C)
(2) Organism makes large amount of endotoxin causing patient to go into shock
(3) Vaccine available
(4) People can just be carriers but not actually be sick
(5) Haemophilus influenzae type B is the common cause of disease in young children before Hib vaccine became available
(6) Nervous system
Bacterial Meningitis
108
(1) Common cause of disease in children before Hib vaccine
Haemophilus influenzae B
109
(1) Listeria monocytogenes is the cause
(2) Contaminates food [popularly dairy]
(3) Problem for immunocompromised people
(4) Teratogen causing fetal death
(5) Nervous system
(6) Gram (+)
(7) Opportunistic infection
(8) Can survive in refrigeration
(9) A lot of food products are treated with bacteriophages that target this organisms progenies
Listeriosis
110
(1) Clostridium tetani
(2) Anaerobic organism, gram (+)
(3) Endospore former that infects puncture wounds and germinates into Vegetative cells releasing exotoxin
(4) Exotoxin released causes muscles to stay in a permanent state of contraction with ultimate death
(5) Vaccine available made of toxoid
(6) Nervous system
Tetanus
111
(1) acquired through the raw stump of the umbilical cord
Tetanus neonatorum
112
(1) Caused by Clostridium botulinum
(2) Most potent toxin known
(3) neurotoxin carried on a prophage
(4) Neurotoxin prevents muscle contraction so body stays in relaxed stage
(5) Makes it hard to breathe
(6) Food born, like canned food not treated properly
(7) Infants eating raw honey can consume endospore
(8) Endospore can contaminate a wound and germinate into veg cells producing toxin
(9) Nervous system
Botulism
113
Most heat resistant form of botulism
C. botulinum
114
(1) Botulism associated with feeding infants honey since their digestive tract is immature
(2) Causes baby's body to go limp
Infant botulism
115
(1) Least common form of botulism that occurs in deep crushing wounds causing tissue damage
(2) Anaerobe
(3) Active infection
Wound botulism
116
Nosocomial infection results in this type of disease
Latrogenic disease
