Bonding, acids, bases and salts Flashcards by Sarah Gahan

What are ions?

charged particles

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How are ions formed?

when atoms loose or gain electrons

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What are negative ions called?

anions

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What are positive ions called?

cations

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How do positive ions form?

when atoms lose electrons

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how do negative ions form?

when atoms gain electrons

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What is ionic bonding between?

a metal and non - metal

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Describe the attraction in ionic bonding?

oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to each other by electrostatic attractions

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What are ionic compounds?

made up of a positively charged part and a negatively charged part

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What is the overall charge of an ionic compound?

zero

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What type of drawing can be used to illustrate ionic compounds?

dot and cross

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What do compounds with ionic bonding always have?

giant ionic structures

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Describe the arrangement of ionic structures?

closely packed 3D lattice arrangement

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What is the attraction in an ionic structure?

electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions is very strong

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What are the physical qualities of ionic compounds?

high melting + high boiling points, not electrical conductors in solid state but if melt or dissolve in water they can conduct

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What is a covalent bond?

a shared pair of electrons

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What is the attraction in a covalent bond?

electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged shared electrons and the positively charged nuclei of the atoms involved

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Explain simple molecular substances?

strong covalent bonds
weak intermolecular forces of attraction
low melting and boiling points
gas and liquid at room temp

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Explain melting + boiling points in simple molecular substances?

melt + boil points increase as relative molecular mass increases due to increase strength in forces

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How are giant covalent structures bonded to each other?

strong covalent bonds

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Melt + boil points of giant covalent structures?

very high melt + boil points

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What are diamond and graphite made of?

carbon atoms

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Do giant covalent conduct electricity?

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Are giant covalent structures soluble in water?

no - insoluble

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Explain the qualities of diamond?

- network of carbon atoms that each form 4 covalent bonds - high melting points, strong bonds - rigid lattice structure, very hard - doesnt conduct electricity, no free electrons

Explain qualities of graphite?

- each carbon atom only forms three covalent bonds, creating layers of carbon atoms - layers held together by weak intermolecular structures making it soft and slippery - high melting point - one delocalised electron that can move, non-metal which conducts electricity

What is C60 fullerene?

simple molecular substance

Explain C60 fullerene ?

- hollow sphere made of 60 carbon atoms - made of large covalent molecules - intermolecular forces which can slide over each other , soft material - one delocalised electron that cant move between molecules, poor conductor of electricity

acid + metal =?

salt + hydrogen

How do you make a salt + hydrogen?

acid + metal

What is one way to fund out how reactive a metal is?

reaction of metal with dilute acid

the more reactive the metal...?

the faster the reaction will go

Describe a practical for the differences in reactivity of metals?

1. set up three boiling tubes and fill with equal amounts of dilute hydrochloric acid/ sulfuric acid 2. place pieces of zinc, magnesium, iron in separate test tubes 3. speed of reaction indicated by rate of bubbles of hydrogen given off 4. test for hydrogen, magnesium should give off most

metal + water =?

metal hydroxide + hydrogen

What will metals like magnesium zinc and iron react with?

steam

What won't copper react with?

water or stream

Explain experiment for magnesium, zinc or iron with water?

- place mineral wool soaked in water at bottom of tube - place test-tube on side and add metal further down - heat wool to produce steam - hydrogen given off

What does the PH scale go from?

0-14

What is a neutral substance on PH scale?

What is an acid on the PH scale?

0-6

What is an alkali on the PH scale?

8-14

what is an indicator?

a dye that changes colour depending on the PH

What are the 4 indicators?

litmus paper, universal indicator, phenolphthalein, methyl orange

Explain litmus paper?

- tests for acid or alkali, - red for acid - purple for nuetral - blue in alkali

Explain phenolphthalein?

- colourless in acid | - pink in alkali

Explain methyl orange?

- red in acid | - yellow in alkali

What is an acid?

a source of hydrogen ions, they are protein donors that have a PH of less then 7

What is a base?

a substance that can neutralise an acid, they are proton accepts. - alkalis are soluble bases

WHat is an alkali?

- source of hydroxide ions, pH greater then 7.

What is the reaction between an acid and base called?

neutralisation

neutralisation equation in terms oh hydrogen?

H + OH -> H20

What are the products ( type) formed in neutralisation?

nuetral

When do salts form?

when acid reacts with base

acid + base ->

salt + water

Acid + metal oxide ->

salt + water

acid + metal hydroxide = ?

salt + water

Acid + ammonia = ?

ammonium salt

acid + metal/ metal carbonate =?

salt

acid + metal carbonate =

salt + water + carbon dioxide

What are the two types of salts?

insoluble or soluble

If a percipitate is formed what is the salt?

insoluble

If a solution if formed what is the salt?

soluble

Name all soluble salts?

- sodium - potassium - ammonium - chlorides ( not silver or lead) - sulfates ( not lead barium and calcium)

Name all the insoluble salts?

- silver chloride - lead chloride - lead sulphate - barium sulphate - calcium sulphate - carbonates ( not sodium potassium and ammonium) hydroxides (not sodium, potassium and calcium)

Are sodium, potassium and ammonium soluble or insoluble?

soluble

Are nitrates soluble or insoluble?

soluble

Are common chlorides soluble or insoluble?

soluble

What common chlorides are insoluble?

silver chloride and lead

What common sulfates are insoluble?

lead, barium and calcium

Are sulfates insoluble or soluble?

soluble

Are carbonates soluble or insoluble?

insoluble

Which carbonates are soluble?

sodium, potassium and ammonium

are hydroxides soluble or insoluble?

insoluble

Which hydroxides are soluble?

sodium, potassium, calcium

How to you make a soluble salt (simple)?

reacting an acid that contains one of the ions you want in the salt with an insoluble base that contains other ion you want

Explain how to make a soluble salt?

- heat acid in water bath to speed reaction ( do in fume cupboard) - add base to acid to produce soluble salt - filter off the excess solid to get solution containing only salt + water - heat solution slightly to evaporate some water - leave to cool and allow salt to crystallise - filter off solid salt and allow to dry