bone

Question 1

bone

Answer 1

supporting connective tissue

Question 2

tissue characteristics

Answer 2

-complex organs containing all four tissue types
-extracellular matrix is sturdy and rigid due to deposition of minerals

Question 3

general functions

Answer 3

-structural support/body framework
-protection of more delicate organs
-movement (attachment site for muscles)
-hemopoiesis
-storage of mineral and energy reserves

Question 4

hemopoiesis

Answer 4

blood cell production in red bone marrow

Question 5

storage of mineral and energy reserves

Answer 5

-calcium and phosphate
-lipids stored in yellow marrow

Question 6

bone classifications

Answer 6

long, short, flat, and irregular

Question 7

long bones

Answer 7

-longer than wide
-most appendages

Question 8

short bones

Answer 8

-equal in length and width
-tarsal bone

Question 9

flat bones

Answer 9

-broad and thin
-cranium bones

Question 10

irregular bones

Answer 10

-don’t fit in other categories
-unusually shaped

Question 11

three regions of long bones

Answer 11

diaphysis, epiphysis, and metaphysis

Question 12

diaphysis

Answer 12

shaft of the bone

Question 13

epiphysis

Answer 13

-end of bone
-each has two
-proximal and distal
-typically spongy

Question 14

metaphysis

Answer 14

in between diaphysis and epiphysis

Question 15

articular cartilage

Answer 15

-at the end of long bones
-function: protection

Question 16

medullary cavity

Answer 16

-area in center of diaphysis that contains no spongy bone
-contains yellow bone marrow in adult bones

Question 17

spongy bone

Answer 17

-contains red bone marrow: hemopoiesis
-where new blood cells are produced

Question 18

endosteum

Answer 18

membrane lining the internal surfaces of the bone

Question 19

periosteum

Answer 19

covers the external surface of the bone where there is no articular cartilage

Question 20

blood supply of bones

Answer 20

highly vascularized

Question 21

innervation

Answer 21

-nerves accompany blood vessels through the nutrient foramen
-innervate (communicate) bone tissue, periosteum
-primarily sensory nerves

Question 22

types of bone cells

Answer 22

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Question 23

osteoproenitor cells

Answer 23

cells that will become bone cells

Question 24

osteoprogenitor cells turn into

Answer 24

osteoblasts

Question 25

osteoblasts

Answer 25

secrete osteoid, form bone matrix, and build bone tissue

Question 26

osteocytes

Answer 26

-cells that have become trapped in the bone -detect stress or strain on the bone -spider-like

Question 27

osteoclasts

Answer 27

-dissolve or break down bone -can deposit calcium into the blood

Question 28

compact bone

Answer 28

-made up of osteons -heavy

Question 29

spongy bone

Answer 29

-made up of trabeculae -coarse

Question 30

osteon structure of the compact bone

Answer 30

-also known as a haversian system -cylindrical structures -run parallel to the diaphysis -contain central canals and concentric lamellae

Question 31

central canal

Answer 31

-open space in the core of the osteon -contains arteries, veins, and nerves

Question 32

concentric lamellae

Answer 32

layers of the osteon

Question 33

canaliculi

Answer 33

spaces where canals within the bone can communicate

Question 34

perforating canals

Answer 34

-openings perpendicular to the central canal -allow blood vessels to travel

Question 35

spongy bone characteristics

Answer 35

-lack osteons: makes bone less strong -trabeculae contains parallel lamellae -distributes stress from mechanical forces across framework

Question 36

ossification

Answer 36

formation of bone connective tissue

Question 37

two patterns of ossification

Answer 37

intramembranous and endochondral

Question 38

intramembranous ossification

Answer 38

-has no cartilage -produces flat bones -bones develop from mesenchyme membrane -calcification entraps osteoblasts within lacunae in bone matrix -osteoblasts become osteocytes

Question 39

some examples of bones produced by intramembranous ossification

Answer 39

-flat bones of skull -some facial bones -mandible -central portion of clavicle

Question 40

steps of intramembranous ossification

Answer 40

1) ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme 2) osteoid undergoes calcification 3) woven bone and surrounding periosteum form 4) lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact and spongy bone form

Question 41

endochondral ossification

Answer 41

-contains cartilage -formation of most bones of skeleton -bones develop from hyaline cartilage model

Question 42

some examples of bones produced by endochondral ossification

Answer 42

-upper/lower limbs -pelvis -vertebrae -ends of clavicles

Question 43

steps of endochondral ossification

Answer 43

1) fetal hyaline cartilage model develops 2) cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms 3) primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis 4) secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses 5) bone replaces cartilage, except for articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates 6) epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines

Question 44

long bone's growth in length happens

Answer 44

within the bone; interstitial growth

Question 45

bone's growth in diameter happens

Answer 45

from the outside; appositional growth

Question 46

epiphyseal plate

Answer 46

-site of interstitial growth -consists of five distinct microscopic zones

Question 47

five microscopic zones

Answer 47

-resting cartilage -proliferating cartilage -hypertrophic cartilage -calcified cartilage -ossification