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Exam 4 > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

includes the bones, joints, and their associated supporting tissues

A

skeletal system

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2
Q

What are the main organs of this system?

A

bone

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3
Q

What is bone composed of?

A
  • dense regular and irregular collagenous connective tissue

* bone marrow

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4
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • protection
  • mineral storage and acid-base homeostasis
  • blood cell formation
  • fat storage
  • movement
  • support
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5
Q

certain bones, including skull, sternum (breastbone), ribs, and pelvis, protect underlying organs;

A

protection

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6
Q

bone is most important storehouse in body for calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium salts; these minerals, also present in blood as electrolytes, acids, and bases; critical for electrolyte and acid-base maintenance

A

mineral storage and acid-base homeostasis

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7
Q

bones house red bone marrow; specialized connective tissue involved in formation of blood cells

A

blood cell formation

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8
Q

bones also contain yellow bone marrow; contains fat cells, or adipocytes, that store triglycerides; fatty acids from breakdown of triglycerides can be used for fuel by cells

A

fat storage

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9
Q

bones serve as sites for attachment for most skeletal muscles; when muscles contract, they pull on bones; generates movement at a joint

A

movement

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10
Q

skeleton supports weight of body and provides its structural framework

A

support

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11
Q

can be organized into 5 classes despite diversity of bone appearance

A

bone structure

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12
Q

what are the five classifications of bone by shape?

A
  • long bone
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
  • sesamoid bones
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13
Q

named for overall shape; not their actual size; longer than they are wide; include most bones in arms and legs

A

long bone

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14
Q

also named for shape rather than size; roughly cube-shaped or about as long as they are wide; include bones of wrist or carpals and ankle or tarsals

A

short bones

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15
Q

thin and broad bones; include ribs, pelvis, sternum (breastbone), and most bones in skull

A

flat bones

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16
Q

include vertebrae and certain skull bones; do not fit into other classes because of irregular shapes

A

irregular bones

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17
Q

specialized bones located within tendons; usually small, flat, and oval-shaped; give tendons a mechanical advantage, which gives muscles better leverage; patella (kneecap) is an example of this class of bones

A

sesamoid bones

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18
Q

membrane composed of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue; forms a covering, rich with blood vessels and nerves; surrounds outer surface of long bones

A

periosteum

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19
Q

made of collagen; anchors periosteum firmly to underlying bone surface by penetrating deep into bone matrix

A

Perforating fibers (Sharpey’s fibers)

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20
Q

shaft of a long bone; each end is its epiphyses; epiphysis is covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage) found within joints (articulations) between bones

A

diaphysis

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21
Q
  • contains either red or yellow bone marrow, depending on bone and age of individual
  • hollow cavity within the diaphysis
A

marrow cavity

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22
Q

one of two bone textures; hard, dense outer region that allows bone to resist linear compression and twisting forces among other stresses

A

compact bone

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23
Q

second bone texture found inside cortical bone; honeycomb-like framework of bony struts; allows long bones to resist forces from many directions; provides a cavity for bone marrow

A

spongy bone (cancellous bone)

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24
Q

the connective tissue membrane lining the internal surfaces of a bone

A

endosteum

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25
Q
  • found separating both proximal and distal epiphyses from diaphysis
  • a calcified remnant of the epiphyseal plate
A

epiphyseal line

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26
Q

*a structure composed of hyaline cartilage from which long bones grow in length (found in developing children)

A

epiphyseal plate

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27
Q

where do short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones get there blood supply from?

A

provided mostly by vessels in periosteum that penetrate bone

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28
Q

where do long bones get there blood supply from?

A
  • a third of their blood supply from periosteum; mostly supplies compact bone
  • Remaining two-thirds is supplied by one or two nutrient arteries
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29
Q

consists of loose connective tissue that supports islands of blood-forming hematopoietic cells

A

red bone marrow

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30
Q

found only in pelvis, proximal femur and humerus, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicles, scapulae, and some bones of skull

A

red marrow in adults

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31
Q

composed of triglycerides, blood vessels, and adipocytes

A

yellow bone marrow

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32
Q

primary tissue found in bone; composed mostly of extracellular matrix with a small population of cells scattered throughout

A

bone or osseous tissue

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33
Q

consisting of minerals makes up about 65% of bones total weight

A

inorganic matrix

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34
Q

makes up remaining 35%; consists of collagen fibers and usual ECM components

A

organic matrix

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35
Q

made up predominantly of calcium salts; bone stores around 85% of total calcium ions in body as well as a large amount of phosphorus

A

inorganic matrix

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36
Q

known as osteoid; consists of protein fibers, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, and bone-specific proteins

A

organic matrix

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37
Q

predominant protein fiber; forms cross-links with one another; helps bone resist torsion (twisting) and tensile (pulling or stretching) forces

A

collagen

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38
Q

bind all of different components of osteoid and inorganic matrix together

A

glycoproteins in osteoid

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39
Q

create an osmotic gradient that draws water into osteoid; helps tissue resist compression

A

Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans

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40
Q

process where osteoblasts secrete organic matrix materials and assist in formation of inorganic matrix

A

bone deposition

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41
Q

flattened cells that differentiate into osteoblasts when stimulated by specific chemical signals

A

osteogenic cells

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42
Q
  • bone-building cells that perform bone deposition

* metabolically active bone cells found in periosteum and endosteum

A

osteoblasts

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43
Q

Osteoblasts eventually surround themselves with bone matrix in a small cavity known as

A

lacuna

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44
Q

a mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the surrounding bone matrix

A

osteocyte

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45
Q

responsible for bone resorption; process where cell secretes hydrogen ions and enzymes that break down bone matrix

A

osteoclasts

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46
Q

a bone-destroying cell that secretes chemicals to dissolve the organic and inorganic matrices if bone tissue

A

osteoclasts

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47
Q

compact bone, in cross section, resembles forest of tightly packed trees where each tree is a unit called

A

osteon, or a Haversian system

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48
Q

arranged in layered ring structures , each osteon contains

A

lamellae

49
Q

endosteum-lined hole found in center of each osteon where blood vessels and nerves reside to supply bone

A

central-canal

50
Q

small cavities found between lamellae; filled with extra cellular fluid

A

lacunae

51
Q

Neighboring lacunae are connected to one another by a network of small passageways or canals in matrix

A

canaliculi

52
Q

found filling the spaces between circular osteons and represent remnants of old osteons

A

interstitial lamellae

53
Q

outer and inner layers of lamellae just inside periosteum and at boundary with spongy bone; add strength to bone

A

circumferential lamellae

54
Q

originate from blood vessels in periosteum and travel at right angles (perpendicular) to central canals of neighboring osteons;serve to connect them with one another

A

perforating canals (volkmanns’ canals)

55
Q

Struts or ribs of bone are called

A

trabeculae

56
Q

covered with endosteum and usually not arranged into osteons

A

trabeculae

57
Q

composed of concentric lamellae between which lacunae are found containing osteocytes; communicate with each other through canaliculi

A

trabeculae

58
Q

(“marble bone disease”) is defective osteoclasts; do not properly degrade bone; causes bone mass to increase and become weak and brittle

A

osteoporosis

59
Q

predominately inherited, more severe form; openings of skull and marrow cavities fail to enlarge with growth; traps nerves causing blindness and deafness and decreases blood cell production; can be fatal; must be treated with drugs to stimulate osteoclasts and red marrow

A

infantile osteoporosis

60
Q

also inherited; develops during adolescence or later; symptoms: bone pain, recurrent fractures, nerve trapping, joint pain; treated symptomatically only

A

adult osteoporosis

61
Q

Since there are no central or perforating canals supplying blood to the trabeculae, how do trabeculae obtain their blood supply?

A

from vessels in bone marrow

62
Q

Process of bone formation is called

A

ossification or osteogenesis

63
Q

built on a model (starting material) made of a membrane of embryonic connective tissue

A

Bones formed by intramembranous ossification

64
Q

built on a model of hyaline cartilage

A

Bones formed by endochondral ossification

65
Q

forms many flat bones, including bones of skull and clavicles, during fetal development

A

intramembranous ossification

66
Q

formed within a mesenchymal membrane composed of embryonic connective tissue; richly supplied with blood and populated with mesenchymal cells

A

primary bone

67
Q

Middle layer of spongy bone ossifies before outer compact bone layers; begins from region called

A

primary ossification center

68
Q

calcium salts and other inorganic matrix components are deposited in trabeculae over a few days process called

A

calcification

69
Q

osteoblasts get trapped in lacunae and become

A

osteocytes

70
Q

An example of early incomplete ossification is?

A

fontanels (soft spots) in skulls of newborn babies

71
Q
  • Bone development for all bones below head except clavicles
  • Begins in fetal stage of development for most bones; some bones (wrist and ankle) ossify much later
  • Many bones complete ossification by age 7
A

*endochondral ossification

72
Q

occurs from within a model of hyaline cartilage; serves as a scaffold for developing bone

A

endochondral ossification

73
Q

hyaline cartilage model is composed of?

A
  • chondrocytes
  • collagen
  • ECM
74
Q

Hyaline cartilage model is composed of chondrocytes, collagen, and ECM all surrounded by a connective tissue membrane called __________ and immature cartilage cells called _________

A

perichondrium, chondroblasts

75
Q

how do chondroblasts in the perichondrium differentiate?

A

first into osteogenic cells then osteoblasts and periosteum is formed

76
Q

Bone begins to form where osteoblasts have built?

A

bone collar on external surface of bone

77
Q

calcified cartilage is replaced with and the the medullary cavity is filled with

A

bone marrow

78
Q

cartilage only persists in two places which include?

A

the epiphyseal plates and the articular surfaces

79
Q

persists into adulthood while epiphyseal plates are eventually filled in, once bone is finished growing in length

A

articular cartilage

80
Q

Long bones lengthen by a process called

A

longitudinal growth

81
Q

where does bone growth take place?

A

at the epiphysis on the side closest to the diaphysis

82
Q

composed of hyaline cartilage that did not ossify zones of cells, each with a distinctive appearance

A

epiphyseal plate

83
Q

(found closest to epiphysis) contains cells that are not directly involved in bone growth but can be recruited for cell division if need arises

A

Zone of reserve cartilage

84
Q

(next region) consists of actively dividing chondrocytes by endochondral ossification, contains five different lacunae

A

zone of proliferation

85
Q

(next region closer to diaphysis) contains mature chondrocytes

A

Zone of hypertrophy and maturation

86
Q

(second to last region) contains dead chondrocytes, some of which have been calcified

A

zone of calcification

87
Q

(last region) consists of calcified chondrocytes and osteoblasts

A

zone of ossification

88
Q

forcing cells ahead of them into next zones, moving toward diaphysis, chondrocytes divide in the zone of?

A

proliferation

89
Q

what happens to Chondrocytes that reach zone of hypertrophy and maturation?

A

enlarge and stop dividing

90
Q

what happens to chondrocytes that reach the zone of calcification?

A

their matrix calcifies

91
Q

Longitudinal growth continues at epiphyseal plate as long as mitosis continues in zone of

A

proliferation

92
Q

Bones not only grow in length, they also grow in width; process called

A

appositional growth

93
Q

found in between periosteum and bone surface, lay down new bone

A

osteoblasts

94
Q

Appositional growth does not result in immediate formation of osteons; instead, what is formed?

A

new circumferential lamellae are formed

95
Q

One of main factors affecting bone growth is a group of chemicals called

A

hormones

96
Q

secreted by anterior pituitary gland; enhances protein synthesis and cell division in nearly all tissues, including bone

A

growth hormone

97
Q
  • It increases rate of cell division of chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate
  • It increases activity of the osteogenic cells, including their activity in zone of ossification
  • It directly stimulates osteoblasts in periosteum; triggers appositional growth
A

Effects of growth hormone on both longitudinal and appositional growth

98
Q
  • Increases appositional growth causing bones in males to become thicker with more calcium salt deposition than in females
  • Increases rate of mitosis in epiphyseal plate; leads to “growth spurts” in teenage years
  • Accelerates closure of epiphyseal plate
A

Male sex hormone testosterone has a pronounced effect on bone growth:

99
Q
  • Increases rate of longitudinal bone growth and inhibits osteoclast activity
  • When estrogen levels spike in teen years an accompanying “growth spurt” occurs in females
  • Accelerates closure of epiphyseal plate at a much faster rate than testosterone; leads to average height differences between genders
A

Female sex hormone estrogen also plays a role in bone growth:

100
Q

bone undergoes a continuous process of formation and loss called

A

bone remodeling

101
Q

new bone is formed by

A

bone deposition

102
Q

old bone is removed by

A

bone resorption

103
Q
  • Maintenance of calcium ion homeostasis
  • Replacement of primary bone with secondary bone
  • Bone repair
  • Replacement of old brittle bone with newer bone
  • Adaptation to tension and stress
A

Bone remodeling cycle

104
Q

involves bone deposition and bone resorption

A

process of bone remodeling

105
Q

carried out by osteoblasts, found in both the periosteum and endosteum, which make organic matrix and facilitate the formation of the inorganic matrix

A

bone deposition

106
Q

heavier loads (compression) increase tissue deposited in that bone; tension and pressure also affect remodeling

A

Bone remodeling in response to tension and stress

107
Q

squeezing or pressing together; occurs when bones are pressed between body’s weight and ground; stimulates bone deposition

A

compression

108
Q

stretching force; bone deposition occurs in regions of bone exposed to tension

A

tension

109
Q

continuous downward force; bone resorption is stimulated in regions of bone exposed to continuous pressure

A

pressure

110
Q

Testosterone promotes bone deposition while estrogen inhibits osteoclast activity

A

hormones

111
Q

As individual ages growth hormone and sex hormones decline; decreases protein synthesis in bone

A

age

112
Q

when calcium ion level drops in blood it is detected by parathyroid cells

A

stimulus and receptor

113
Q

parathyroid cells act as control center and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH

A

control center and effector

114
Q

As calcium ion levels return to normal in blood, change is detected by parathyroid cells and they reduce secretion of PTH, closing feedback loop

A

homeostasis and negative feedback

115
Q

skin and tissue around fracture remain intact

A

simple fracture

116
Q

skin and tissues around fracture are damaged

A

compound fracture

117
Q

A hematoma fills in the gap between bone fragments. What is a hematoma?

A

mass of blood cells and proteins form in an injury due to ruptured blood vessels (blood clot)

118
Q

Fibroblasts and chondroblasts infiltrate hematoma and form a soft callus. What is a soft callus?

A

mixture of hyaline cartilage and collagenous connective tissue

119
Q

Osteoblasts build a bone callus. What is a bone callus?

A

(hard callus); collar of primary bone made by osteoblasts residing in periosteum

Exam 4 (3 decks)

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