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Human physiology > bone > Flashcards

bone Flashcards

1
Q

what is the axial skeleton?

A

skeletal system

skull, spine, ribs, ears, kneck, breast

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2
Q

what are the appendicular bones

A

limb bones

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3
Q

examples of short bones

A

wrists
ankles
carpels
tarsels

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4
Q

exmaples of flat bones

A

skill
ribcage
scapular
pelvis

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5
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

verebrate
jaw
heel

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6
Q

examlples of sesmiud bones

A

patella knee cap
under big tow
thumb

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7
Q

how does the bone function for protections

A

axial skeleton surronds and protects much of the soft viscera
hert and lungs by ribcage
pelvis protects bladder

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8
Q

how does bone function as a framwork?

A

everything hangs off it using gravity

muscles, vicera, tissues al suspended from bones

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9
Q

how do bones help with movement

A

appendicular skeleton enables movement for survival

contractile muscle attaches via tendons to move the rigid bones round a pivit

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10
Q

what are joints

A

ligaments holding together two bones

muscles and tendons allow movement of the joint

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11
Q

what is a fibrous joint?

A

dont move anymore
bones that have since birth fused together
eg skull and base of shin bones

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12
Q

what is cartinaginout joitn

A

semi-moveable

joints at birth but later on fise they are secondary

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13
Q

what is a sinovial joint

A

freely moveable
hyaline cartilage
hinge, elbow, ball/socket saddle etc

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14
Q

examples of types of sinovial joints

A 
hinge
ball/socket
pivot
saddle
conydoid
sliding and gliding
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15
Q

how does bone act as a store

A

extracellular Ca is kept here

it can be put in the bones or taken back out when needed

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16
Q

what does calcitonin do?

A

takes calcium out of the blood into bones

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17
Q

what does the parathryoid hormone do

A

puts calcum into the blood

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18
Q

wher does calcitonin come from?

A

secreted by thyroid gland

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19
Q

where does the parathyroid hormone come from?

A

thyroid glad by back of neck

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20
Q

what does vitamin D do

A

moves calcum into the blood

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21
Q

what does calcitonin act on

A

osteoblasts to build bone by synthesising collagen and inorgaic consitidents

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22
Q

what does parathyriod hormone act on

A

osteoclasts to digest protein in lysosmones and to secrete acid to disolve the minerals
relasing Ca

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23
Q

how does vit D increase ca in the blood

A

acts on the gut to increase abription of Ca

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24
Q

if calcium levels drop what happens

A 
thyriod gland activated
parahyroid hormone
actvates osteoclasts
bone digested
calcium released into the blood
levels normalise
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25
Q

if calcium levels are too high what happens

A 
thyroid gland activated
calcitonin
osteobalsts activated
calcium is deposite in bone and built up
levels normalise lower
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26
Q

what is the epiphysis

A

either end of long bones
knobbly bits on the ends
spongy bone
red marrow foud here

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27
Q

what is the diaphysis

A

shaft of the long bone
compact bone
yellow marrow

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28
Q

what is the mathaphysis

A

both the epiphysis and diaphysis meet here

epiphyseal plateq

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29
Q

what is the periosteum

A

covering of the bone

not found in joints though

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30
Q

where does the bone get a blood suply

A

1 artery comes into diaphysis
2 into each epiphyseal
branches off from here

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31
Q

main properties of bone:

A

hard but lightweight
flexible but rigid
adaptive
storage and remodelling

32
Q

how is bone hard but light

A

compact cortical bone with a hard outer shel makes up most of the mass
also has spongy cancellous bone on the inside

33
Q

what is compact bone like

A

called lamella bone

has rings called osteons

34
Q

what are osteons?

A

concentric layers of lamellae surrnding a central haversian canal

35
Q

where are the blood vessels in compact bone

A

in the hollow central haversian cancl

36
Q

what are lacunae

A

cavities between the lameala where osteocytes sit

37
Q

what is spongy bone like?

A

howwlow network of trabeculae
contains red marrow
large surface area for mineral exchange

38
Q

what makes bone flexible but rigid

A

largely connective tissue

more inorganic matter but some organic which ismroe flexible

39
Q

whats the role of collagen in bone

A

fibrous proteins

fibres extend the bones lines for foce and more bone is lai along this

40
Q

what is ground substance

A

amorphou gelantinous:

pretoglycans, GAGs, fluid

41
Q

how does ground substance withstand forces

A

attracts ctions
sucks in water
wtistands compressive forces

42
Q

what makes bones rigid

A

deposition of salts and minerals
calcium and phosphates
hydroxyappatite

43
Q

what sibstances make up boesn rididity

A

calcium andphosphate
inroganic csalts deposited in the organic matrix
small amonts of calcium carbonte and calcium fluride
can also take up lead and other metals sometimes

44
Q

what is a tensile force

A

pulling and stretchnig

45
Q

what is a torsional force

A

rotation

46
Q

which force is bone better at dealing with

A

compression than tension

47
Q

what are the stages of biochemiacs of bone

A

initial elastic phase
plastic phase
permanent shape

48
Q

what happens in the initial elastic stage and plastic stages?

A

focce is applied to bone and its able to go back to its original shape
after a while though it wont go back to this shape and is in the plastic stage

49
Q

bone features

A

strong
doesnt chang shape
breaks easily though

50
Q

biochemianics of spongy bone

A

little bit of stresses ad it esily changes chape
its weaker but takes a wbile to break
more pilable

51
Q

what makes bones flexible while also ridig

A

the mix of compact and spongy bone

they have different biochemiancs

52
Q

what explains how bones are adpatable?

A

Wolffs law

bones will change shape and structure according to the stresses placed on the

53
Q

what part of bones has high compressive strength

A

non-organic hydroyappative and water

54
Q

what part of bones has a weak tensile strength

A

organic collagen fibres

55
Q

what do oseoclasts do?

A

resorb/disolve the bone

sit on the bone and secrete enzymes to digest collagen and HCL for salts

56
Q

what is in the osteoblast family?

A

osteobasts
osteocytes
osteopregenitor cells

57
Q

what doe osteoblasts do

A

build bone

58
Q

what do osteocytes do

A

mature osteoblasts that help maintain bone

59
Q

what is an osteoprogenitr cells

A

lining cells that ocver the surface of the bone and cna become osteoclasts

60
Q

how are osteoclasts formed

A

immature monocytes
become pre-steoclast
signals form bone cells tells it to become an osteoclast
goes its job

61
Q

where is the osteblast family derrived from

A

messenchyme
embryonic cell that becomes connective tissue
bone marrow precursor

62
Q

what do bones grow along?

A

cartilaginous templates for long bones

membranous template for flat bones

63
Q

what is primary ossification

A

starts during foeatal development
cartilage is replaced with bone
at birth secondary ossification centres form that do not officy

64
Q

in long bones hwat is the process of ossificaion called?

A

endochondral ossification

65
Q

what is endorchonral ossification

A

cartinage template and bone laid dont over this

long oones speicifically

66
Q

describe teh steps of catilage to bone in ossification

A
  1. bone collage formed around diaphysis by osteoblasts ]2. cartilage in primary centres calcifies and cavitied form in calsification
  2. periosteal bud enters cavity and builds spongy bone
  3. secondaryr ossification centre forms epiphysis. osteoclasts disolve sony bone creating medullary cavity
  4. hyaline remains on epiphysel surface to form plaates
    spongy bone remains in the centre
67
Q

where do long bones grow

A

at the epiphyseal plates

68
Q

what makes cartilage

A

chrondroytes

69
Q

what causees long bones to lengthen

A

catilage is made and pushes the bone further apart at the plates

70
Q

what happpens to bones in adulthood?

A

coup;ed process of bone destruction and bone deposition
controlled by diet and hormones
prevents mineral crystalisation

71
Q

when is out max bone density

A

30 years

72
Q

what happens to bones as we age

A

reduced bone formation that cannot keep up with bone resoption leading to bone loss

73
Q

what does osteoprosis lead to

A

poor posture, breathing/walking
moility issues with hips
wrist issues

74
Q

how can you improve bone density

A

weight breaking exercises
diet
sunligh

75
Q

what kind of diet can imporove bone density

A

right in clcium vitD, vit C, vit A

Human physiology (21 decks)

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