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Human physiology > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

major divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS

peripheral

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2
Q

what is the CNS

A

brain and spine

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3
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system

A

subdivided into autonomic: sympatetic and parasympatetic

somatic motor control and conscous control

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4
Q

what are the three major regions of the brain

A

fore brain
mid brain
hind brain

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5
Q

what is the fore brain

A

prosencephalon
main large part
used for complicated motor movement and sensory pereption

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6
Q

parts in the fore brain

A

cerebral hemisphere
thalamus
hypothalmus

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7
Q

what is the mid brain

A

mesencepaton
smaller with nerve tracts
relays information for audio, visual and body movement

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8
Q

what is in the mid brain

A

substantial nigra

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9
Q

what is the hind brain

A

smaller brain
respiratory rate
heart rate
movement

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10
Q

what is in the hind brain

A

pons
medualla
cerebellum

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11
Q

the function of the spinal fluid

A

protection and provides nutrients

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12
Q

PET scans

A

uses radiolabelled emitters

coloursare seen for key structures

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13
Q

what is an MRI scan

A

functional magnetic ressonance image
measures change in blood flow relative to neural activity
grey scae

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14
Q

what are the colours on an MRI

A

grey areas nerve cell bodies

white matter is bundles of nerve fibres

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15
Q

what is CSF

A

cereobrospinal fluid
between
acts as a cushion, protection, homoetsatis barrier
surronded by special membranes for nutrient movement

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16
Q

structure of the spinal cord

A

central grey areas with 2 horns and surronding white matter

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17
Q

what is the central bit of the spine

A

grey matter

dorsal and ventral horns, doral is back, ventral front

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18
Q

what is the dorsal and ventra horns

A

in the centre spine
dorsal is back
ventral front

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19
Q

what is the function of the dorsal and ventral horns

A

control sensory function usign spinal nerves

communicate and used in reflexes

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20
Q

what goes into the dorsal horn

A

afferent nerves go in
taking information into the CNS
e. sensory pain

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21
Q

what comes out of the spine

A

efferent nerves
exit via the ventral route
go to skeletal muscles/somatic system
effectors

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22
Q

examples of non-neuronal cells

A

astrocytes
oligodentrocytes
micoglia
ependymal cells

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23
Q

what is an astrocyte

A

supportive function for CNS neurones
contribute to blood brain barrier
star shaped

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24
Q

what is an oligodendrocyte

A

form the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS

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25
Q

what are the microglial cells

A

carry out phagocytosis in the CNS

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26
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

epithelial cells in the fluid filled spaces of the brain and central canal of the spine
posess microvili to help circulate CSF around the CNS

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27
Q

functions of neurones

A
  • rapid transmission of information from spesific sources to selected targets
  • integration/summation of information from manny sources
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28
Q

key anatomical features of a spinal motor neurone

A 
soma cotains nucleus
main axon then diverges
dendrites recieve info
presynapticl terminals on dendrites
nodes of ranvier
axon hillock
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29
Q

name the functional units of the neurone

A 
dendrites
cell body
axon hillock
axon
axon collaterlas
nodes of ranvier
myelin sheath
terminal branches
nerve terminals/synaptic boutons
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30
Q

what are the two processes in the nervous system

A

dendrites and axons
dendrites recieve convergent information
axons transmit divergent signalling

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31
Q

what is the resing potentail

A

-70 millivolts

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32
Q

how can you calculate the resting membrane potentail

A

Nerst equation

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33
Q

how does the nerst equation work

A

can caulte the equalibriu potentail of a ion

divides the extracellular ion conc by the intracellular conc

34
Q

equibrium poteential for Na

A

+61

35
Q

equilirium potetnail for K

A

-94

36
Q

equlilibrium potentail for Ca

A

+12

37
Q

what tyoe of channnel is Na

A

activation M gate

inactivation H gate

38
Q

what type of channel is the K channel

A

activation N gate

39
Q

describe the process of action potential changing channel openign

A 
both closed initially
K closed while Na open
Na inside shit, inactivated
K begins to open
Na then closes fully while K ramins openw
40
Q

what drive depolarisation

A

sodium coming inwards

41
Q

what drives repolarisation

A

potassium current outwards

42
Q

what is the all or nothing priciple

A

if the threhold is exceeded, all Aps have similar magnitiude and ruation

43
Q

what is the absolute refractor period

A

Na channels are open or inactivated

AP cannot be eliticed

44
Q

what des myelination determine

A

conduction elocity

45
Q

what is myelin

A

phospholipid wrapping around and insulating the axon

46
Q

in the CNS what myelinates axons

A

oligodenrocytes

47
Q

in the PNS what myelinates axons

A

schwan cells

48
Q

what doe myelin do

A

decreases the capacitance of the axon restricting the generation of APs to the nodes of ranvier
saltatory conductance, it junps from node to node

49
Q

what is MS

A

neuromuscular disease involving the destruction of myelin

thought to be autoimmune

50
Q

what do APs depend on

A

the exisiting resting membrane potential

51
Q

what initiates and terminates Aps

A

initiaed by increased Na permeability which deppolarises the membrane
terminated by slower increase in K permeability whih repolarises the membrane

52
Q

what causes the neurone to be unable to fire during the absoulute refractor period

A

Na channel inactivation

53
Q

what is the relative refractor preiod

A

prolonged k channel acitvation makes it harder for an AP to fire

54
Q

which axons conduct faster

A

large diameteris faster than small

55
Q

what is firing frequency of neurones mesured in

A

Hertz

56
Q

what are the types of connections in neuronal synapses

A

axodendritic
axosomatic
axoaxonmal
dendrodendtiric

57
Q

what are the two types of synapses

A

chemical

electrical using gap junctions

58
Q

how do chemical synapses work

A

axons of presynaptic neurons make contact with target psotsynaptic cells
neurotransmitters are released

59
Q

how do neutotranmitters work

A

synthesied in nerve terminal and pacaged into vesicles

they are relased on the arriva of action potential at the presynaptic termial

60
Q

what do excitatory neurotransmitters do

A

increase nerve activity
causing depolarisation
initiate EPSPs

61
Q

what is an EPSP

A

excitatory post synaptic potential

increased excitability

62
Q

examples of axcitatory neurotranmitter

A

glutamate

ecetylcholine

63
Q

features of EPSPs

A

smaller
gradend, vary in amplitude
summate, add to each other
temporal, decay with distance

64
Q

what does the binding of Ach do to acetylcholne receptors?

A

activates it

opens it allowing Na to flow through

65
Q

what do inhibitory synapses do

A

decrease nerve activity
cause hyperpolarisation
initiate IPSPs

66
Q

what is an IPSP

A

inhibitory post synaptic potential

67
Q

examples of inhibitory neurotramitter

A

GABA
opoids
acetylcholine

68
Q

what determines if there is an AP or not

A

the balance between EPSPs and IPSPS converging on a neurone at any one time

69
Q

what do inhibitory neurtroraittesr do

A

GABA binds to the inactive receptor
it activated it allowing Cl- in
opposes the exictability of the neurone

70
Q

features of IPSPs

A

small
gradent
temporal
summate

71
Q

how do inhbitory NTs stop Aps

A

\Cl influx combined with K efflux make the neurone negative and thus inhbit the AP generation

72
Q

how do electrical synapses work

A

open channels conudcting directly, gap junctions

73
Q

what are two two ways acetlycholine works

A

nicotinic: excitatory
muscarlinic: inhibitory

74
Q

if the number of synpses firing increases the 24, what will the maximun acheiveble voltage be?

A

+30mV

all or nothing priciple

75
Q

which axon out of axosomatic and axodendtiic requires more pulses to depolarise the postsynaptic cel to the threshold?

A

axon on fthe distal dendrites

76
Q

define convergence

A

many neuronal inputs convergin on a single neurone

77
Q

what are the two major determinants of conduction veolcity in nerve axons?

A

axon diameter: large means lower intracelular resitance

- degree of myelination

78
Q

what is divergence

A

once an xon has left the cell it may give rise of a few or many axon collateroal
this is called divergence

79
Q

why are long axons not idea

A

all the ptoeins must be transported from the cell body and proteins for recycling returned to the cell body along with t

80
Q

what is the equlibrium potential

A

potential at which the tendency of nion to move down its concentration gradient is equally balanced by the membrane potentials

Human physiology (21 decks)

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