Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Histology Exam 2 Material > Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the three major classes of cartilage

A

Hyaline, Elastic, fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The skeletal system in all vertebrates begins with ______

A

Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What makes up the ECM of cartilage

A 
Collagen fibers (mostly type II collagen (Type I in fibrocartilage)
amorphous ground substance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what cells make up cartilage

A

Chondroblasts and Chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cartilage functions

A

Compressible, resists distortion, absorbs shock in joints, reduces friction in movable joints, necessary for endochondral bone growth, Involved in bone fracture repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Function of chondroblasts

A

Lay down cartilage matrix and become chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Function of Chondrocytes

A

Maintain cartilage matrix
produce collagen and proteoglycans in the matrix
secrete chondronectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are lacunae

A

Pockets within the matrix where the chondroblasts and chondrocytes are found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is cartilage slow to heal

A

It is Avascular
Nutrients and oxygen are derived form blood vessels that surround the cartilage and must diffuse through the matrix to the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of collagen is found in the ECM of fibrocartilage

A

Type I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of collagen is found in the ECM of hyaline and elastic cartilage

A

Type II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the Perichondrium found

A

on the outer surface of cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many layers does the perichondrium have

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two layers of the perichondrium

A

The outer fibrous layer
+ - contains fibroblasts
The inner chondrogenic layer
- Gives rise to chondroblasts, which become chondrocytes
- The chondrocyte is involved in the production of the collagen and proteoglycans in the matrix. Chondrocytes also secrete chondronectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is an isogenous group

A

Groups of 2-8 chondrocytes occupying the same lacunae
result of mitotic division
cells will become separated as they begin to lay down matrix of their own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Components of the cartilage ECM

A

Collagen (type II in most cartilage and Type I in fibrocartilage)
Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid)
Chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparin sulfate
Glycosaminoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is territorial matrix

A

Matrix that directly surrounds each chondrocyte

high glycosaminoglycan content, low collagen content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is inter-territorial matix

A

Surrounds territorial matrix

low glycosaminoglycan content: high collagen content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the most common type of cartilage

A

Hyaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of Collagen makes up hyaline cartilage

A

Type II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is hyaline cartilage surrounded by a pericondrium

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What color is hyaline cartilage

A

Translucent, bluish gray to white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the texture of hyaline cartilage

A

solid but flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the growth patterns of hyaline cartilage

A

appositional

Interstitial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where is hyaline cartilage located
``` External auditory meatus Larynx Tracheal Cartilages Bronchial Cartilages Fetal long bones Articular ends of bones ```
26
What does elastic cartilage have added to its matrix that hyaline cartilage doesn't
Elastic fibers
27
Is elastic cartilage surrounded by a perichondrium
Yes
28
what is the color of elastic cartilage
Yellow
29
Why is elastic cartilage yellow in appearance
because of the presence of elastic fibers
30
Describe the appearance of elastic cartilage
More opaque, flexible, and elastic than hyaline cartilage
31
How are chondrocytes arranged in elastic cartilage
Located singly
32
What type of collagen is in the matrix of elastic cartilage
Type II with the addition of elastic fibers
33
Where is elastic cartilage found
Auricle (pinna) of the ear | Epiglottis
34
how are chondrocytes arranged in hyaline cartilage
often found in cell groups (resulting form cell division)
35
what has more collagen in the matrix fibrocartilage or hyaline
Fibrocartilage
36
Which type of cartilage has a lower cellularity hyaline or fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage
37
Is Fibrocartilage surrounded by a perichondrium
No
38
what is the appearance of fibrocartilage
opaque from fibrous texture
39
What type of collagen makes up fibrocartilage
Type I
40
Explain the chondrocyte appearance/location in fibrocartilage
single sparse chondrocytes
41
Where is fibrocartilage located
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, insertion f some tendons and ligaments, closely associated with dense CT or hyaline cartilage
42
is bone vascular
Yes! it is highly vascular and found in close proximity to capillaries
43
How does bone length increase
Through the appositional growth of hyaline cartilage model
44
Bone is formed from what kind of cells
Osteoblasts
45
Bone matrix consists of what two major components
Organic component referred to as osteoid | inorganic component referred to as hydroxyapatite which makes up 35-65 percent of the matrix
46
What is the organic component of the bone matrix
Osteoid
47
What is the inorganic component of the bone matrix
hydroxyapatite which makes up 35 to 65 percent of the matrix
48
Bone tissue is continuously _____, _______, and ______
Resorbed , reconstructed, and remodeled
49
How much of the matrix is made from hydroxyapatite
35-65 percent
50
What are the three types of bone arrangement
Woven bone, Compact bone, and spongy bone
51
What is another name for compact bone
lamellar bone
52
What is another name for spongy bone
Cancellous bone
53
When does woven bone occur
occurs during development and bone repair
54
compact bones lack _____ and form a ______ on the outside of long bones or flat bones
cavities, dense plates
55
Compact bone consists of _______ lamellae which encircle a central blood vessel (and associated nerves) forming an osteon, or haversian system
Concentric (Haversian)
56
where are osteocytes found in compact bone
They are found between the lamellae, located in lacunae
57
How are osteocytes connected to one another and the haversian canal in compact bones
via canaliculi
58
_____ _____ run perpendicular to the Haversian canals and connect the Haversian canals to each other and to the surface of the bone
Volkmann's canals
59
what kind of bone has a 3-D lattice of branching, bony spicules intertwined to form trabeculae surrounding the bone marrow spaces in the long bones and flat bones
Trabecular (Spongy) bone
60
Describe the characteristics of bone's macroscopic structure
Periosteum, Marrow (medullary) cavity, Endosteum, Sharpey's fibers
61
What are Sharpey's fibers
These are special bundles of collagen fibers that nail tendons and ligaments to the bone
62
What are Osteoprogenitor cells
Stem cells which in the adult are described as bone lining cells - give rise to osteoblasts and bone lining cells
63
where are osteoprogenitor cells found
in the inner portion of the periosteum, in the endosteum, and lining vascular canals of compact bone
64
What are osteoprogenitor cells derived from
Mesenchyme of the embryonic somite (sclerotome) and possess mitotic potential
65
What are osteocytes derived from
osteoblasts and are trapped by the matrix they secrete
66
What are osteoblasts derived from
osteoprogenitor cells
67
what are osteoblasts characterized by
Alkaline phosphatase and Vitamin D3
68
What are the major protein products of Osteoblasts
``` Type I collagen Noncollagenous proteins: - Osteocalcin - Osteonectin - Osteopontin - Osteoprotegerin - RANKL ```
69
What is the primary regulator of bone turnover
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
70
What is stimulated at low PTH levels
bone formation by osteoblasts
71
What is stimulated at high PTH levels
Osteoblasts are stimulated to release osteoclast-differentiation factors
72
What is a result of elevated PTH levels
eroded bone and fibrosis of the resulting spaces (osteitis fibrosa) (bone is removed and replaced with cartilage)
73
What are Osteoclasts derived from
monocytes, which are derived from monocyte precursors in the bone marrow
74
What is ARF
Activation-resorption-reversal-formation | cycle occurs at adult remodeling sites and during development
75
Where and when does ARF occur
at adult remodeling sites and during development
76
where does PTH bind
Receptors on the osteoblast
77
PTH stimulates osteoblasts to synthesize ___ and ___
M-CSF and RANKL
78
M-CSF is released by who
The osteoblast
79
Where does M-CSF bind
to the M-CSF receptor on the monocyte
80
After binding of M-CSF to the M-CSF receptor on the monocyte it is now a ______ and expresses ____
Macrophage, RANK
81
when does the macrophage become multinucleated and immature osteoclast
after RANK binds to RANKL
82
Who secretes osteoprotegerin
Osteoblasts
83
What is the function of osteoprotegerin
binds to RANKL with greater affinity than RANK | inhibits maturation of osteoclasts
84
Parathyroid blocks the synthesis of what
Osteoprotegerin
85
A non-functional osteoclast uncouples form the osteoblast and becomes a ______ _______
a functional osteoclast
86
What is the function of Calcitonin
Acts to reduce bone resorption
87
___ is secreted by exocytosis from the osteoclast and degrades the bone organic matrix
Cathepsin K
88
What forms the sealing zone of an osteoclast
Osteopontin, actin filaments, and Integrins

Histology Exam 2 Material (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions