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Immunology > Bone and Fat Immunology > Flashcards

Bone and Fat Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the OB precursor?

A

Osteochondral Precursors

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2
Q

What is the OC precursor?

A

Monocytes

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3
Q

What is M-CSF?

A

Macrophage colony stimulating factor and it is secreted by OBs and promotes differentiation of pre-OCs into OCs

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4
Q

What is RANK?

A

It is present on OCs and is the target for RANKL

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5
Q

What is RANKL?

A

Cytokine that directs OC differentiation and drives bone resorption

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6
Q

What is OPG?

A

It is secreted by OB as a decoy receptor for RANKL and serves to block that activity of RANKL.

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7
Q

What determines the loss or gain of bone?

A

Ration of RANKL to OPG

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8
Q

What cytokines induce RANKL synthesis?

A

IL-6
IL-17
TNF-alpha
(pro-inflammatory)

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9
Q

What cytokines inhibit OC formation?

A

IL-4
IL-10
(anti-inflammatory)

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10
Q

What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Th17 reaction driven by inappropriate DC release of IL-23 which leads to uncontrolled OCs as IL-17 release will stimulate OB production of RANKL

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11
Q

What is the cause of osteoporosis?

A

OPG/RANKL become imbalanced with RANKL dominating and OCs will increase

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12
Q

What is an effective method of treating osteoporosis?

A

Monoclonal Ab to RANKL

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13
Q

What is the function of leptin?

A

Decreases appetite and is pro-inflammatory

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14
Q

What is the function of adiponectin?

A

Antagonist of leptin and is anti-inflammatory through the inhibition of TNF-alpha

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15
Q

What is the function of MAC-1?

A

Macrophage inhibiting cytokine and it stimulates adiponectin.

Serum levels have a negative correlation with body mass

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16
Q

What is the function of visfatin?

A

It is pro inflammatory and angiogenic in WAT

17
Q

What are the cytokines made by WAT?

A

Leptin
Adiponectin
MAC-1
Visfatin

18
Q

What are the cytokines made by macrophages in regulation of WAT?

A

Osteopontin

Resistin

19
Q

What is the function of osteopontin?

A

It is pro inflammatory and chemotactic for macrophages and monocytes

20
Q

What is the function of resistin?

A

Direct antagonist of adiponectin and promotes TNF-alpha and IL-6

21
Q

What is the normal cytokine state of WAT tissue in non-obese individuals?

A

The leptin and visfatin (pro inflammatory) and adiponectin and MAC-1 (anti-inflammatory) are in balance

22
Q

What is the macrophage state in normal individuals?

A

M2 - anti-inflammatory with with up regulation of IL-4/10 and attenuation of NFkB

23
Q

What is the cytokine state of WAT in obese individuals?

A

Loss of the balance due to the expansion of the WAT which leads to the release of CCL2 which is highly pro inflammatory

24
Q

What is the function of CCL2?

A

It binds to CCL2R which is a potent pro inflammatory stimulus

25
Q

What is the macrophage state in obese individuals?

A

M1 - pro inflammatory with increased visfatin/leptin/resistin which drain to the liver and cause hepatic and systemic effects

26
Q

What occurs with CCL2 and CCL2R deficiencies?

A

Leads to no formation of artery plaques in mice

27
Q

What are microglia?

A

They are the phagocytic cells of the CNS

28
Q

What are the 2 subsets of microglia?

A
  • Migrated from marrow and are self renewing with macrophage/DC characteristics with a low concentration of MHC receptors
  • Perivascular and are derived from the marrow like plasma monocytes
29
Q

What is the state of the microglia?

A

They are all down regulated like the M2 macrophages and they make TGF-beta, IL-10 and IL-1Ra (receptor antagonist)

30
Q

What converts microglia to the activated state?

A

DAMP and PAMP converts the M2 to M1 and will result in the secretion of pro inflammatory cytokines

Immunology (25 decks)

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