Bone DIsease

Question 1

what is arthritis

Answer 1

inflammation of joints

Question 2

what is arthrosis

Answer 2

a non-inflammatory joint disease

Question 3

what is arthralgia

Answer 3

joint pain

Question 4

describe bone

Answer 4

mineralised connective tissue

Question 5

what are the three features of bone

Answer 5

load bearing
dynamic
self repairing

Question 6

what does dynamic mean with bone

Answer 6

bone is constantly changing and remodelling - allows bone to adapt

Question 7

what is bone removed by

Answer 7

osteoclasts

Question 8

what is bone deposited by

Answer 8

osteoblasts

Question 9

what three substances are needed in the correct amount for bone remodelling

Answer 9

calcium
phosphate
vitamin D

Question 10

what forms a store for calcium

Answer 10

bone

Question 11

where does exchangeable calcium move from

Answer 11

from the bone to the ECF and eventually to the gut

Question 12

how is calcium in the body lost

Answer 12

through the gut and through the urine

Question 13

why is it so important for calcium to be kept at a constant level in the blood

Answer 13

calcium is involved in nerve and muscle function

Question 14

what two aspects work to produce the correct location for calcium

Answer 14

bone and ECF work together and parathyroid hormone

Question 15

what are the three main actions of parathyroid hormone

Answer 15

maintains serum calcium levels
increases calcium release from bone
reduces calcium excretion

Question 16

what is hypoparathyroidism

Answer 16

low serum calcium

Question 17

what is primary occurrence hyperparathyroidism

Answer 17

due to a gland dysfunction (tumour)
high serum calcium results

Question 18

what is secondary occurrence hyperparathyroidism

Answer 18

low serum calcium causes parathyroid hormone to be high and activates osteoclasts in the bone to maintain serum calcium level

Question 19

what does hyperparathyroidism result in

Answer 19

increased bone resorption

Question 20

how is vitamin D produced

Answer 20

from sunlight to cholecalciferol in the skin

Question 21

what is the active component of vitamin D that is absorbed in the gut

Answer 21

dihydroxycolecalciferol

Question 22

what can cause patients to have decreased vitamin D levels

Answer 22

low sunlight exposure
poor GI absorption
drug interactions

Question 23

which drugs can interact and cause low vitamin D levels

Answer 23

antiepileptic drugs
carbamazepine, phenytoin

Question 24

what is osteomalacia

Answer 24

normal amounts of matrix but has not been mineralised correctly
poorly mineralised osteoid matrix
poorly mineralised cartilage growth plate

Question 25

what occurs if there is poorly mineralised osteoid matrix and cartilage growth plate during bone formation

Answer 25

rickets

Question 26

what occurs if there is poorly mineralised osteoid matrix and cartilage growth plate after bone formation completed

Answer 26

osteomalacia

Question 27

what is osteomalacia related to

Answer 27

calcium deficiency - serum calcium preserved at the expense of bone

Question 28

what are the bone effects of osteomalacia

Answer 28

bones bend under pressure bow legs vertebral compression in adults bones ache to touch

Question 29

what are four effects of hypocalcaemia

Answer 29

muscle weakness trosseau and chvostek signs positive carpal muscle spasm facial twitching from VII tapping

Question 30

how is osteomalacia treated

Answer 30

by correcting the cause controlling GI disease and restoring adequate calcium to diet sunlight exposure dietary vitamin D

Question 31

what is osteoporosis

Answer 31

the loss of bone mineral and matrix giving a reduced bone mass a reduced quantity of normally mineralised bone

Question 32

what are some risk factors for osteoporosis

Answer 32

age female sex endocrine genetic

Question 33

what aspects of endocrine function could put you at higher risk of developing osteoporosis

Answer 33

osetrogen and testosterone deficiency cushings syndrome

Question 34

what patient and medical factors can increase risk of osteoporosis

Answer 34

inactivity smoking excessive alcohol use poor dietary calcium steroid antiepileptics

Question 35

what causes bone mass loss rate in women in the menopause to increase

Answer 35

oestrogen withdrawal

Question 36

what are effects of osteoporosis

Answer 36

increased bone fracture risk height loss kyphosis and scoliosis nerve root compression

Question 37

how can osteoporosis be prevented

Answer 37

exercise high dietary calcium intake oestrogen hormone replacement therapy osteoporosis prevention drugs - bisphosphonates

Question 38

what two ways can hormone replacement therapy occur

Answer 38

oestrogen only combined

Question 39

what is the benefit of oestrogen only replacement drugs

Answer 39

reduces osteoporosis risk

Question 40

what are disadvantages of oestrogen only replacement drugs

Answer 40

increased breast cancer risk increased endometrial cancer risk increased DVT risk

Question 41

what are examples of non-nitrogenous bisphosphonates

Answer 41

etidronate clodronate tildronate

Question 42

what are examples of nitrogenous bisphosphonates

Answer 42

pamidronate alendronate olpadronate

Question 43

what is the effectiveness of bisphosphonates

Answer 43

reduces vertebral fracture reduces other fractures can be combined with HRT benefit lost if drug is discontinued