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Pathology > Bone Disease > Flashcards

Bone Disease Flashcards

1
Q

(Of an immature or stem cell) capable of giving rise to several different cell types

A

Pluripotent

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2
Q

Pluripotent (mesenchymal) stem cells that can form 3 cell types: Osteoblasts, chondroblasts, fibroblasts

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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3
Q

Bone forming cells

A

Osteoblasts

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4
Q

Cartilage forming cells

A

Chondroblasts

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5
Q

Collagen forming cells

A

Fibroblasts

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6
Q

These cells synthesize the ‘organic’ bone matrix (osteoid), which constitutes 35% of bone

A

Osteoblasts

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7
Q

When osteoblasts become embedded in the organic matrix they have secreted a ___ is formed

A

Osteocyte

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8
Q

These cells will synthesize the initial template of long and irregular bones, being replaced eventually by osteoblasts.

A

Chondroblasts

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9
Q

A large multinucleate bone cell that absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.

A

Osteoclast

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10
Q

____ are formed by the fusion of many cells derived from circulating monocytes (WBC) in the blood. These in turn are derived from bone marrow.

A

Osteoclasts

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11
Q

The normal arrangement of bone matrix

A

Lamellar bone

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12
Q

___ bone is “pre-bone”, an early stage of repair, or abnormal bone reacting to disease processes.

A

Woven

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13
Q

Small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum (outside) into the bone that communicate with the Haversian canals

A

Volkmann’s canals

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14
Q

Small tubes in the outermost region of bone that allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through them.

A

Haversian Canals

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15
Q

Any of the thready processes of the periosteum that penetrate the tissue of the superficial lamellae of bones

A

Sharpey’s fibers

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16
Q

A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones, except at the surfaces of the joints.

A

Periosteum

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17
Q

Which bone cell type produces RankL (growth regulator protein)

A

Osteocytes

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18
Q

The thyroid gland secretes _____, which decreases osteoclast activity, and in turn, decreases blood calcium

A

Calcitonin

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19
Q

What hormone will INCREASE osteoclast activity, and therefore increase blood calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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20
Q

The calcitonin/PTH processes are in balance up to age __, after that osteoclast is resorption slightly predominates and bone mass is lost at an estimated .5% per year.

A

40

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21
Q

Organic bone matrix

A

Osteoid

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22
Q

The osteoid (organic bone matrix) is made up of __% type 1 collagen

A

90%

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23
Q

___ bone matrix is composed of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals (65% of bone)

A

Inorganic

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24
Q

__% of the body’s calcium is in the bone

A

99%

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25
Q

The two types of bone formation?

A
  • Intramembranous

- Endochondral

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26
Q

____ hormone is primarily responsible for managing calcium levels in the blood

A

Parathyroid (PTH)

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27
Q

When blood calcium levels are LOW, the calcium sensor (on the surface of cells in the parathyroid gland) is _____ (Active/Inactive), which will cause PTH to be RELEASED

A

Inactive

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28
Q

Name 3 things that PTH does:

A
  1. Activates osteoclasts
  2. Increases kidney reabsorption of Ca2+
  3. Stimulates increased activation of Vitamin D3 (which enhances gut absorption of calcium)
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29
Q

___ bone formation is where bone is formed from a mesenchymal fibrous matrix and results in the formation of FLAT bones (no cartilage intermediary)

A

Intramembranous

30
Q

___ bone formation is when bone is formed on a cartilage matrix template (the major means of long bone formation, which then elongates after birth)

A

Endochondral

31
Q

Defective formation of bone

A

Dysostoses

32
Q

Digits that are fused together (all phalanges present - webbing)

A

Syndactyly

33
Q

Extra digits

A

Polydactyly

34
Q

Short digits

A

Brachydactyly

35
Q

The presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue. Also, abnormal growth or development of a tissue or organ.

A

Dysplasia

36
Q

Most common form of dwarfism

A

Achondroplasia

37
Q

Preaxial polydactyly refers to:

A

Extra thumb/great toe

38
Q

An extra little finger or toe is called?

A

Postaxial polydactyly

39
Q

Achondroplasia (most common form of dwarfism) is a fibroblast growth factor receptor mutation carried by the ____ (mother/father)

A

Father

40
Q

Genetic problems related to bone mass (osteopetrosis/porosis) are because of problems related to what protein?

A

LRP-5 (Low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 5)

41
Q

HYPER-activation of LRP-5 is called _____ and results in too much osteoblast activity

A

Osteopetrosis

42
Q

INACTIVATION of LRP-5 is called osteoporosis and results in too much osteo____ activity

A

Clast (resorption (breakdown) of bone)

43
Q

In achondroplasia what part of the body is NOT affected?

A

Skull (grows via intramembranous growth –no cartilaginous cells involved)

44
Q

Brittle bone disease

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

45
Q

___ is due to abnormal Type 1 Collagen synthesis which causes skeletal fragility

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

46
Q

Abnormal type 1 collagen synthesis can affect other tissues, such as the eyes, as well. What clinical sign will be seen in the eyes if they are affected?

A

Blue sclera

47
Q

Other names for this include Albers-Schonberg Disease and Marble Bone Disease

A

Osteopetrosis (very hard bone)

48
Q

What similar result is occurring with osteopetrosis and osteogenesis imperfecta (but for completely different reasons)?

A

Bones are brittle and fracture easily

49
Q

The most severe type of osteopetrosis is ____

A

Infantile malignant osteopetrosis

50
Q

Increased cranial bone structure because of osteopetrosis can lead to ____ of the cranial nerves

A

Entrapment

51
Q

Long-term corticosteroid use (Ex: Asthma) and Hyperparathyroidism (autonomous overproduction of PTH) are secondary causes of ____

A

Osteoporosis

52
Q

Inadequate availability of Vitamin D

A

Osteomalacia

53
Q

In osteoporosis, the activity of what bone cell is dominating (“winning”)?

A

OsteoCLASTS (increased bone resorption)

54
Q

In osteoporosis, there is a decrease in bone _____, while there is normal/close to normal bone quality

A

QUANTITY

55
Q

In osteoporosis, ___ bone is affected more than ___ bone (cortical, cancellous)

A

Cancellous, cortical

56
Q

A cancer of plasma cells (cancer of the bone marrow = weakens bones) is called?

A

Multiple myeloma

57
Q

Both hyper and hypothyroidism play a role in bone health because of the role of Vitamin __ in osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

A

D2

58
Q

Vitamin __ is responsible for calcium absorption in the bowel

A

D3

59
Q

Name for Vitamin D3?

A

Calciferol

60
Q

Vitamin D deficiency can cause osteomalacia (making bad bone). In children this is called ____

A

Rickets

61
Q

Osteomalacia results from defective ____ of the osteoid bone matrix (due to lack of vitamin D)

A

Mineralization

62
Q

On a chest X-Ray of a child, one may notice a bulbous appearance at the costochondral junction of the ribs due to cartilage overgrowth and metaphyseal splaying. This is known as ____ of Rickets

A

Rachitic Rosary

63
Q

In hyperparathyroidism (increased levels of PTH) ___ bone is affected more than ___ bone (cortical, cancellous)

A

Cortical, cancellous

64
Q

Osteopenia

A

Bone loss

65
Q

In hyperparathyroidism, “reflex” osteoblast activity in response to bone loss can decrease marrow space and create a “___ jersey” appearance on X-Ray (lucent bone density between the vertebral endplates). It can also create ___ tumors-to be seen usually on the 2nd and 3rd digits on X-Ray

A

Rugger, brown

66
Q

Paget Disease (Osteitis Deformans) is due to a dysfunction of what bone cell?

A

Osteoclasts

67
Q

Name the three stages of Paget Disease:

A
  1. Osteolytic stage (increased osteoclast activity)
  2. Mixed stage (osteoblasts try to “keep up” w/osteoclast activity)
  3. Osteosclerotic stage (“burn-out” where osteoblasts make a lot of extra bone that is not structurally sound)
68
Q

Paget’s Disease is polyostotic in __% of cases, affecting multiple bones. The other __% of cases are monostotic where it only affects one bone.

A

85%, 15%

69
Q

____ disease is a childhood hip condition where the blood supply to the femoral head is interrupted causing it to stop growing (avascular necrosis)

A

Legg-Calve-Perthes

70
Q

Avascular necrosis occurs in 15-30% of ___ fractures (carpal bone), making it a very common (maybe the most common) place to see AVN. Almost always involves the PROXIMAL POLE

A

Scaphoid

Pathology (9 decks)

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