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Pathology > GastroIntestinal > Flashcards

GastroIntestinal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the common name for an aphthous ulcer (of the mouth)?

A

Canker Sore

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2
Q

The common name for Herpetic Stomatitis? This is caused by Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1)

A

Cold sores (or fever blisters)

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3
Q

True/False: HSV-1 (cold sore) lies dormant in the trigeminal ganglia and can be reactivated during stress, trauma, or infections

A

True

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4
Q

What is the test used for identification of polykaryons in the blister fluid of cold sores? (HSV-1)

A

Tzanck test

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5
Q

Name the lesion: Most common fungal infection of the oral cavity in immunocompromised patients. It is a pseudomembrane overlying an erythematous (red) inflammatory base.

A

Oral candidiasis

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6
Q

A whitish, well-defined oral patch or plaque caused by epidermal thickening or hyperkeratosis. Cannot be scraped off. Increased association w/tobacco use

A

Oral leukoplakia

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7
Q

Some 3-25% of oral leukoplakia transform into ___ cell carcinoma

A

Squamous

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8
Q

Which lesion appears darker - squamous cell carcinoma or basal cell carcinoma?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

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9
Q

Oral cavity lesions have a 90% survival rate if discovered early, but that number drops to <20% with ___ metastasis (the cancer has traveled to a distant location and formed a tumor there)

A

Lymph Node

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10
Q

Inflammation of the salivary gland

A

Sialadenitis

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11
Q

The most common lesion of the salivary gland is a ____

A

Mucocele

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12
Q

A type of cyst that forms when an obstruction or rupture of a salivary gland duct occurs w/leakage of saliva into surrounding tissues

A

Mucocele

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13
Q

Sialadenitis (inflammation of salivary gland) can be due to an ascending bacterial infection from ___ or ___

A

Staph, strep

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14
Q

The autoimmune disease that affects the lacrimal glands and may affect all of the salivary glands is called ____ (dry eyes, dry mouth)

A

Sjogrens Syndrome

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15
Q

A viral infection which mainly involves the parotid gland, and in adults may involve the pancreas or testis is know as ___

A

Mumps

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16
Q

Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax with swallowing, and decreased esophageal peristalsis (contractions) is referred to as Esophageal ____

A

Achalasia

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17
Q

A cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs

A

Carcinoma

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18
Q

Bulging of tissue or organ through an abnormal opening

A

Hernia

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19
Q

Protrusion of the stomach above the diaphragm which results in a bell-shaped dilation is a ___ hernia (95% of cases)

A

Sliding (hiatal)

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20
Q

The more serious type of GI hernia is the ____ hernia. A separate part of the stomach enters the thorax and resides next the the esophagus. This type can restrict blood supply (strangulated)

A

Paraesophageal

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21
Q

A chronic disease of the liver marked by degeneration of cells, inflammation and fibrous thickening of tissue. Usually a result of alcoholism or hepatitis.

A

Cirrhosis

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22
Q

When portal venous blood flow is obstructed (such as in cirrhosis) collateral channels are evoked. When the veins of the esophagus in turn dilate, it is known as _____

A

Esophageal Varices

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23
Q

Lacerations in the lower esophagus with tearing of these veins can produce massive life threatening hemorrhage. This is known as ____ syndrome

A

Mallory-Weiss

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24
Q

What is GERD?

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

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25
Q

Symptoms of heartburn with concurrent regurgitation of a sour taste. What is it?

A

GERD

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26
Q

The replacement of normal esophageal squamous epithelium by columnar epithelium. This gives a greatly increased risk of adenocarcinoma and is the 2nd most common cause of esophageal cancer

A

Barrett’s Esophagus

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27
Q

Worldwide squamous cell carcinoma constitutes __% of esophageal carcinomas, while in the US it is only 50%, with the other 50% being _____

A

90%, adenocarcinoma

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28
Q

5yr survival rate of esophageal carcinoma?

A

<5%

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29
Q

Top 3 causes of gastritis?

A
  • excessive alcohol use
  • excessive NSAID use
  • heavy smoking
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30
Q

Which type of chronic gastritis? Associated w/pernicious anemia (due to vitamin B12 deficiency) and achlorhydia (decreased gastric acid). An organ specific autoimmune disease w/autoantibodies against the gastric parietal cells resulting in it’s destruction

A

Type A (chronic antral and distal body gastritis)

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31
Q

This type of chronic gastritis is associated w/H. Pylori. The bacteria can cause chronic pangastritis leading to multifocal atrophy (toxic ammonia effects)

A

Type B (antral)

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32
Q

Which type of chronic gastritis is treated w/B12 administration?

A

Type A

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33
Q

There is a strong causal relationship between H. Pylori and peptic ____

A

Ulcers

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34
Q

____ is present in 90% of duodenal ulcer patients and 70% of gastric ulcer patients

A

H. Pylori

35
Q

___ ulcers have a 2:1 male to female ratio, while ___ ulcers is 1:1

A

Duodenal, gastric

36
Q

___ ulcers are aggravated by food, while ___ ulcers are relieved by food

A

Gastric, duodenal

37
Q

Inflammation of the intestine, especially the small intestine, usually accompanied by diarrhea

A

Enteritis

38
Q

In ___ enterocolitis, bacteria do not invade the bowel wall and do not usually damage mucosal epithelial cells. Non-bloody diarrhea

A

Enterotoxigenic

39
Q

In ____ enterocolitis, bacteria invade the bowel wall and damage mucosal epithelial cells to cause necrosis E. coli, shigella, salmonella, yersinia, campylobacter, clostridium difficile. This infection could occur w/use of oral antibiotics. Results in bloody diarrhea

A

Enteroinvasive

40
Q

What is the most common bacterial strain in North America causing enterocolitis?

A

Shiga-producing strain O157:H7

41
Q

The shiga-producing strain O157:H7 is in children, and is followed by ____ syndrome

A

Hemolytic uremic (anemia, uremia, thrombocytopenia)

42
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count

43
Q

Uremia

A

Acute kidney failure

44
Q

The most common childhood cause of diarrhea?

A

Rotavirus

45
Q

Common viral cause of adult and childhood diarrhea?

A

Norwalk virus (caliciviruses)

46
Q

Results from a failure of normal absorption of fats, carbs, proteins, fat soluble vitamins and water

A

Malabsorption

47
Q

List the three most common causes of malabsorption

A
  1. Pancreatic insufficiency
  2. Bile salt deficiency
  3. Small bowel disease
48
Q

The functional tissue of an organ as distinguished from the connective and supporting tissue

A

Parenchyma

49
Q

The most common cause of chronic pancreatitis (irreversible destruction of pancreatic parenchyma) is?

A

Long-term alcohol abuse

50
Q

___ will present with recurrent abdominal and back pain + elevated serum amylase, jaundice or vague indigestion, weight loss and malabsorption

A

Chronic pancreatitis

51
Q

Any condition in which the flow of bile from the liver stops or slows

A

Cholestasis

52
Q

Severe itching of the skin (commonly caused by cirrhosis)

A

Pruritus

53
Q

___ results from retention of bilirubin (>2.0mg/dL)

A

Jaundice

54
Q

A small bowel disease, ___ disease is caused by sensitivity to gluten (protein found in wheats, oats, barley and rye)

A

Celiac

55
Q

____ occurs in people visiting or living in the topics. Malabsorption within days or weeks after an acute diarrheal infection

A

Tropical sprue

56
Q

A rare disease which affects the intestine, CNS and joints. Related to G+ organism Topheryma Whipelli. Presents w/ lymphadenopathy, hyperpigmentation, polyarthritis, and CNS complaints

A

Whipple Disease

57
Q

___ disease will present with the passage of bulky, frothy, greasy, yellow or gray stools, weight loss, anorexia, abdominal distention, flatus, muscle wasting

A

Celiac disease

58
Q

Gas in or from the stomach or intestines, produced by swallowing air or bacterial fermentation

A

Flatus

59
Q

Outpouchings of the inner lining of the intestines that protrude through the vessel wall (weakened areas of the bowel wall). Most occur in the sigmoid colon.

A

Diverticulosis

60
Q

___ disease is caused by occlusion of a major mesenteric artery. It is secondary to thrombosis, embolism, shock, vasospasm, mechanical obstruction.

A

Ischemic bowel disease

61
Q

Existing or occurring across the entire wall of an organ or blood vessel

A

Transmural

62
Q

____ infarction presents acutely w/sudden onset bloody diarrhea and hypotension. It is transmural (extends across entire wall)

A

Small bowel infarction

63
Q

Adhesions from previous abdominal surgery are the most common cause of this. An indirect inguinal hernia is the 2nd MCC (Sm bowel extends into the scrotal sac).

A

Bowel obstruction

64
Q

Results from abnormal local immune response against normal flora of the gut

A

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

65
Q

___ disease can affect any part of the GI tract, but usually involves the distal small bowel and/or colon. It may show SKIP AREAS between the involved segments

A

Crohn’s

66
Q

____ only involves the colon and begins distally in the rectal area to extend in a CONTINUOUS manner proximally. It may involve the entire colon.

A

Ulcerative colitis

67
Q

A small growth, typically benign and w/a stalk, protruding from a mucous membrane (into a lumen)

A

Polyp

68
Q

A tubular adenomatous polyp (neoplastic) accounts for >__% of the total. They are smaller and asymptomatic until bleeding leads to anemia

A

90%

69
Q

Most common polyposis syndrome?

A

Familial polyposis coli

70
Q

Familial polyposis coli is an autosomal dominant condition associated with inactivation of APC suppressor gene on chromosome __

A

5

71
Q

___ tumors are neuroendocrine malignant tumors of the small and large bowel (intestines)

A

Carcinoid

72
Q

A malignant tumor formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue

A

Adenocarcinoma

73
Q

A hard stony mass of feces in the intestinal tract

A

Fecalith

74
Q

____ is associated with obstruction of the lumen by a fecalith. It leads to ischemic mucosal injury and bacterial invasion and is treated by surgical removal.

A

Appendicitis

75
Q

Most of the bilirubin (85%) is formed in the ___

A

Spleen

76
Q

Before being processed by the hepatocyte, the bilirubin is not water soluble and is termed _____ bilirubin

A

Unconjugated

77
Q

What does bilirubin do?

A

Helps break down Heme

78
Q

When the rate of bilirubin production and clearance is disturbed, ____ occurs

A

Jaundice

79
Q

Hepatitis _ and _ are FOOD BORNE. The person develops lifelong immunity and recovers from the illness

A

A, E

80
Q

Hepatitis _, _, and _ are BLOOD BORNE

A

B, C, D

81
Q

Of the 3 hepatitis B virus antigens, HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen) does/does not appear in the blood

A

DOES NOT

82
Q

Some __% of Hepatitis B Virus patients recover and become immune

A

90%

83
Q

Only __ to __% of hepatitis C virus patients recover and develop immunity because antibodies against HCV do not produce immunity to the virus.

A

15-30%

Pathology (9 decks)

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