Bone growth

Question 1

At what stage does the cartilage model develop

Answer 1

Approximately 6 weeks after fertilisation

Question 2

What is the process of turning cartilage into bone called

Answer 2

Endochondral ossification

Question 3

Does endochondral ossification start from the outside of the cartilage or from the centre

Answer 3

The centre

Question 4

What is the first place to turn to bone

Answer 4

Diaphysis - Primary ossification centre

Question 5

Where are the secondary ossification centres

Answer 5

The epiphyses

Question 6

What separates the diaphysis and epiphyses during ossification

Answer 6

The epiphyseal/growth plate

Question 7

What enables bones to grow in length

Answer 7

Epiphyseal/growth plate

Question 8

At what stage do epiphyses start to fuse with diaphyses

Answer 8

During puberty

Question 9

What is it called when bones grow in width

Answer 9

Appositional growth

Question 10

What causes bones to grow in width

Answer 10

Osteoblast activity produces circumferential lamallae
Osteoclasts mould bone shape and form medullary cavity

Question 11

Features of a joint

Answer 11

• Holds bones together
• involves bone ends
• Involves soft tissue
• Allows control of movement

Question 12

What are the two key soft tissues

Answer 12

Cartilage and Dense fibrous connective tissue (DFCT)

Question 13

What are the two key types of cartilage

Answer 13

Hyaline (articular) and Fibrocartilage

Question 14

What are the three main uses of DFCT

Answer 14

Ligaments
Tendons
Joint capsules

Question 15

How does cartilage receive nutrients without blood vessels

Answer 15

They are diffused through matrix by joint loading (movement at joint squishes fluid through)

Question 16

Function of Hyaline cartilage

Answer 16

Resist compression

Question 17

Why is hyaline cartilage popular in synovial joints

Answer 17

• Moulds to surfaces of bones where they articulate
• Creates smooth surface allowing frictionless movement

Question 18

Function of fibrocartilage

Answer 18

Resist compression and tension

Question 19

Why is fibrocartilage used at joints that experience both compression and tension rather than just compression like hyaline

Answer 19

Fibrocartilage contains more collagen fibres than hyaline cartilage making it better at absorbing and distributing force

Question 20

What does DFCT stand for

Answer 20

Dense fibrous connective tissue

Question 21

Features of DFCT

Answer 21

Fibroblasts
Collagen fibres
Tightly packed
Slow to heal

Question 22

Function of DFCT

Answer 22

Resist tension

Question 23

What do ligaments do

Answer 23

• Connect bone to bone
• Restrict movement (away from themselves)

Question 24

What do tendons do

Answer 24

• connect muscle to bone
• Facilitates and controls movement
• Contraction of muscles transmitted to bone

Question 25

Do ligaments or tendons contain more elastin and what does it do

Answer 25

Ligaments contains more - it resists tension while allowing a little stretch and recoil

Question 26

What is bony congruence

Answer 26

Sum of bone surfaces that form an articulation (how much the bones touch)

Question 27

How much soft tissue is required if there is a low bony congruence

Answer 27

More sot tissue is required to provide support

Question 28

What are the three different joint classifications in order of movement allowed

Answer 28

Fibrous - least movement Cartilaginous - some movement Synovial - most movement

Question 29

What is a tissue

Answer 29

Cells grouped together in a highly organised manner according to specific structure and function e.g. DFCT

Question 30

What is a structure

Answer 30

Something formed of a tissue e.g. ligament

Question 31

What is the tissue found on fibrous joints and what is the function

Answer 31

Tissue - DFCT Function - limit movement, provide stability

Question 32

What is the tissue found on cartilaginous joints and what is the function

Answer 32

Tissue - fibrocartilage Function - some movement

Question 33

What is the tissue found on synovial joints and what is the function

Answer 33

Tissue - many Function - allow lots of movement