Bone Injuries

Question 1

Trabecular (spongy) bone

Answer 1

Cuboidal bones, flat bones, at the end of long bones (75 -95% porosity)

Question 2

Cortical (compact) bone

Answer 2

Outer shell of long bones (low porosity 5-10 %)

Question 3

Red bone marrow produces…

Answer 3

Blood cells

Question 4

Yellow marrow…

Answer 4

Stores fat

Question 5

Functions of bones

Answer 5

Mechanical purposes (structure), mineral storage, blood cell production, fat storage, hormone regulation

Question 6

Bone adaptations to training

Answer 6

• Increases bone mass
• site specific increase in bone strength
• driven by dynamic (not static) loading
• only short duration needed
• peak strength/density (25-30)

Question 7

Osteoclasts

Answer 7

Remove bone (“c” think killer)

Question 8

Osteoblasts

Answer 8

Produce bone (“b” think buddy)

Question 9

Describe the stress qualities of compact bone

Answer 9

Can withstand greater force, but as soon as they are overloaded its a quick fracture

Question 10

Describe the stress qualities of spongy bone

Answer 10

Can’t handle substantial loading without straining (will bend for a while before failure though)

Question 11

traumatic fracture

Answer 11

High energy fracture (can be open/closed)

Question 12

Pathological fracture

Answer 12

Acute onset, but weaker bones due to sickness or disease

Question 13

Stress fracture

Answer 13

Also known as a fatigue fracture and develops over time

Question 14

Bone contusion

Answer 14

Acute traumatic bone injury without fracture

Question 15

Osteitis

Answer 15

Inflammation of bone (think “o” like rounded out and swollen)

Question 16

Periostitis

Answer 16

Inflammation of periosteum

Question 17

Tension loading (lifting/stretching)

Answer 17

transverse fracture (horizontal)

Question 18

Compression loading (push/force inward)

Answer 18

Oblique fracture

Question 19

Bending loading motion

Answer 19

Butterfly fracture

Question 20

Torsion (twisting) in loading

Answer 20

Spiral fracture

Question 21

Fracture healing stages (4)

Answer 21

1) blood clotting and inflammation (3-7 days)
2) soft callus formation (2 weeks)
3) hard callous formation (2 weeks)
4) bone remodelling (many years)

Question 22

Woven bone

Answer 22

Quickly formed, poorly organized (soft callus stage)

Question 23

Lamellar bone

Answer 23

Slowly formed, highly organized and later replaces woven bone (hard callus stage)

Question 24

Which bones will heal in 3-6 months?

Answer 24

Femoral neck, femur, tibia

Question 25

How long does it take vertebra to heal?

Answer 25

6 weeks to several months

Question 26

Complications associated with fractures

Answer 26

Infection, delayed/mal/non-union, acute compartment syndrome, osteonecrosis (bone death), nerve injury, vascular injury, Osteoarthritis, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (blood clots)

Question 27

Spondylolysis

Answer 27

Fracture of lumbar vertebral disc

Question 28

Spondylolisthesis

Answer 28

Slipping of vertebra

Question 29

Treatment for posterior element overuse syndrome

Answer 29

Avoid extension, increase core strength, anti-lordic exercises, stretching (hip flexors)

Question 30

Medial tibial stress syndrome (mtss)

Answer 30

Shin splints result from repetitive loading leading to periosteal inflammation (diffuse pain)

Question 31

Tibial stress fracture

Answer 31

Focal pain that appears during activity