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Hemolymphatics > Bone Marrow > Flashcards

Bone Marrow Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Process by which immature precursor cells develop into mature blood cells

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2
Q

What cell gives rise to all mature blood cells (erythrocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, thrombocytes, granulocytes)?

A

Pluripotent stem cells (CD34+)

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3
Q

What are the morphological stages of blood cell development?

A
  1. -blast
  2. pro-
  3. -cyte
  4. Meta-
  5. Mature blood cell
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4
Q

What are the morphological stages of erythrocyte development starting from stem cells?

A

Myeloid stem cells –> rubriblast –> Prorubricyte –> rubricyte –> metarubricyte –> reticulocyte –> erythrocyte

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5
Q

What are the morphological stages of platelet (thrombocyte) development from stem cells?

A

Myeloid stem cells –> Megakaryoblast –> Promegakaryocyte –> Megakaryocyte –> thrombocytes (platelets)

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6
Q

What are the morphological stages of eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils starting from stem cells?

A

stem cell –> Myeloblast –> promyelocyte –> myelocyte –> metamyelocyte –> Stab (band) cells –> eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil

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7
Q

What are the morphological stages of development of a macrophage?

A

Monoblast –> promonocyte –> monocyte –> macrophage

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8
Q

Starting from lymphoid stem cells, describe the morphological stages of development of lymphocytes.

A

Lymphoblast –> prolymphocyte –> T & B lymphocytes –> T cells & plasma cells

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9
Q

What cells are normally found in blood?

A

reticulocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, T & B lymphocytes

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10
Q

When would you see undifferentiated cells in blood?

A

in an unhealthy animal

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11
Q

-Blast cells are the most recognizable of each cell development. Why?

A

They are bigger and have a nucleolus

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12
Q

If you see a -blast with a nucleolus in the peripheral blood, what might this be a sign of?

A

Cancer

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13
Q

What are interleukins?

A

Protein cytokines working w/ colony stimulating factors (CSF) to stimulate cell lines to proliferate, differentiate, and activate.

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14
Q

What are the main interleukins that relate to hematology?

A

1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 15

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15
Q

What does renal erythropoietin (EPO) do?

A

stimulates RBC production

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16
Q

What does hepatic thrombopoietin (TPO) do?

A

stimulates platelet production

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17
Q

How is hematopoiesis regulated?

A

By GFs, CSFs, ILs, Hormones

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18
Q

IL 1 and 6 are common in the regulation of what cells?

A

WBCs

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19
Q

What are the sites of hematopoiesis in mammal embryos?

A

Extra-embryonic –> blood islands of the yolk sac
Along the aorta

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20
Q

What are the sites of hematopoiesis in a mammal fetus?

A

liver, spleen, bone marrow cavity

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21
Q

What are the sites of hematopoiesis at birth?

A

BM, spleen
Liver as needed

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22
Q

What are the sites of hematopoiesis as an adult mammal?

A

BM of the skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, proximal femur, humerus

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23
Q

In an adult mammal, where does extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) occur?

A

Spleen, liver (if extreme/chronic)

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24
Q

Where in the bone marrow does hematopoiesis take place?

A

Extravascular space

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25
High activity of the bone marrow can be demonstrated by...
its daily output of mature blood cells
26
Other than pumping out new cells, what else does the bone marrow partake in?
- Removal of aged & defective erythrocytes - Differentiation of B lymphocytes - Site of numerous plasma cells - Removing HJB
27
What does the hematopoietic microenvironment look like?
- Lattice-like scaffolding - Stroma composed of fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, adipocytes, endothelial cells, macrophages, ECM
28
What does the stroma of bone marrow do?
supports & provides humoral (cytokines) & cellular (adhesion proteins, receptors) signaling vital to normal bone marrow growth, regulation, & fxn
29
The structure of precursor cells change as it goes from...
making more protein to less
30
A cell making lots of protein has...
- nucleus-containing active, dispersed chromatin for active transcription - many large nucleoli for ribosomal RNA synthesis and assembly - more cytoplasmic ribosomes thus more basophilic cytoplasm - Highly developed Golgi apparatus causing an acentric nucleus
31
Cells making less protein have...
- Condensed, clumped chromatin - Smaller, fewer nucleoli - Fewer ribosomes --> appears more acidophilic - Smaller Golgi & nucleus is more centrally located
32
What cells are part of normal erythropoiesis?
Rubriblast, prorubricyte, basophilic rubtricyte, polychromatophilic rubricyte, metarubricyte, reticulocyte
33
The kidney is the site of production of...
EPO (erythropoietin)
34
Bone Marrow has what two compartments?
Vascular and extravascular compartments
35
Where in the extravascular space does hematopoiesis take place?
- Stroma of reticular CT - Parenchyma of developing blood cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and fat cells
36
What determines high activity of the bone marrow?
The daily output of mature blood cells, and the large numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes
37
Bone marrow is the site for what other important activities?
- removal of aged & defective erythrocytes - differentiation of B lymphocytes - site of numerous plasma cells - removal of HJBs
38
What is the stroma of the hematopoietic environment made of?
fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, adipocytes, endothelial cells, macrophages, ECM
39
What does the stroma of the hematopoietic microenvironment do?
supports & provides humoral (cytokines) & cellular (adhesion proteins & receptors) signaling vital to normal BM growth, regulation, & fxn
40
A cell making lots of protein has...
- a nucleus w/ active, dispersed chromatin - many large nucleoli - more cytoplasmic ribosomes (more basophilic) - Highly-developed Golgi apparatus occupying the cytoplasm causing an acentric nucleus
41
Cells making less protein have...
- condensed or clumped chromatin - smaller, fewer nucleoli - fewer ribosomes - smaller Golgi, more centrally located nucleus
42
What stage of erythrocyte development is this?
Prorubricyte
43
What stage of erythrocyte development is this?
Basophilic rubricyte
44
What stage of WBC development is this?
Myeloblast
45
What stage of WBC development is this?
Myelocyte
46
This image shows some of the developmental stages of...
WBCs
47
When is a bone marrow biopsy indicated?
- unexplained, persistent decrease in cell type - Bi- or Pancytopenia - nRBC's in absence of marked regenerative response - persistent increases in cell types - Suspect myeloproliferation/ leukemia - atypical or blasts - Evaluation of infectious Leishmaniasis, histoplasmosis - Differentiation, diagnosis, and staging of cancers
48
What are some risks of a bone marrow biopsy?
sepsis, hemorrhage
49
What cancers can be determined and evaluated by a bone marrow biopsy?
Lymphoma Leukemia Histiocytic neoplasia multiple myeloma mast cell neoplasia metastatic carcinoma
50
What are some sites in the skeleton that are best for taking bone marrow biopsies?
- iliac crest - proximal humerus/femur - sternum - rib
51
What is the best place to take a bone marrow biopsy in a young animal?
iliac crest
52
What is the best place to take a bone marrow biopsy in an older animal?
sternum
53
in order to assess the cellularity of a bone marrow sample microscopically, what will you need?
spicules of marrow
54
Cellularity of bone marrow is assessed from the relative amount of ____ ____ as a ___
adipose tissue, %
55
What amount of fat is considered normal when assessing cellularity of bone marrow?
30-70%
56
When interpreting cellularity of bone marrow, what aspect of the patient must be taken into account?
the patient's age
57
The cellularity of bone marrow can be classified into what three groups?
Hypocellular normocellular hypercellular
58
Myelofibrosis causes...
bone marrow failure secondary to replacement of normal marrow elements with fibrous tissue
59
What species get myelofibrosis?
dogs, cats, humans, goats
60
Myelofibrosis can be primary or secondary to...
malignancies IMHA whole body irradiation congenital anaemias

Hemolymphatics (21 decks)

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