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Applied anatomy of Musketoletal > Bone physiology > Flashcards

Bone physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the development of Bone

A

Mesoderm

Paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm

Skeletal system develops from paraxial and lateral mesoderm

Paraxial mesoderm then separates into blocks called somites

Somites split to form Dermatome, Myoterm and Scleroterm

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2
Q

What does dermatome gives rise to ?

A

Muscles

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3
Q

What does Scleroterm gives rise to?

A

Bones

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4
Q

What are the bone cells present in the bone?

A

Osteogenic cells are stem cells that develop into Osteoblast

Osteoclast causes decalcification of bone

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5
Q

What does osteoclast do?

A

Osteoclast releases enzymes, it breaks down collagen inside the bone

H+ ions combine with chloride to form HCL and this HCL causes demineralization of the bone by breaking down the calcium and phosphate

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6
Q

What is meant by Ossification/Osteogenesis?

A

Process of Bone formation

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7
Q

What are Flat bones ?

A

Ribs
Clavicle
Scapula

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8
Q

Intramembraneous ossification

A

When bone develops directly from mesenchyme

it mostly forms flat bones

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9
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

bone develops from cartilage
Formation of short and long bones

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10
Q

Long bones are

A

Femur
Humerus
Ulnar
Radius
Tibia
Fibula

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11
Q

Short Bones are

A

Carpels
Tarsals
Phalanges

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12
Q

What are the functions of Bone

A

Protects
Movement
Support

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13
Q

What are appendicular skeleton ?

A

Upper limbs
Lower Limbs
Shoulder girdle
Pelvic girdle

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14
Q

What does the bone do with calcium

A

Bone stores the ca and release when the body requires

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15
Q

Function of CA

A

Muscle contraction

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16
Q

Do we require ca for blood clotting

A

yes it is our second messenger

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17
Q

Osteoclast ?

A

Responsible for the resorption of the bone

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18
Q

Bone is made up of?

A

Extracellular Matter (organic and inorganic matrix)
Cellular Matter

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19
Q

What does organic matrix and inorganic matrix

A

organic -Osteoid, collagen, and ground substances

organic matrix gives elasticity

20
Q

What does inorganic matrix

A

made up of bone minerals , mainly calcium phosphate both get deposited into the bones

21
Q

What does osteoblast do ?

A

They release alkaline phosphate which breaks down pyrophosphate

22
Q

What happens in the absence of pyrophosphate?

A

Calcium phosphate gets deposited in the bone in the form of hydroxyapatite

23
Q

Does osteoblasts release anything else?

A

Yes, it also releases Ankylosis Protein and pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1

Then, it increases pyrophosphates

This inhibits deposition of calcium phosphate in the bone in the form of hydroxyapatite

24
Q

What happens in the deficiency of Ankylosis Protein ?

A

It decreases pyrophosphate release increases the hydroxyapatite deposition to bone

25
Q

When bone needs to be deposited in the hydroxyapatite crystals, what does it release?

A

It releases Alkaline Phosphatase

26
Q

When bone does not need to be deposited in the hydroxyapatite crystals, what does it release?

A

Ankylosis Protein and pyrophosphatase

27
Q

What is the function of pyrophosphate?

A

Prevents the deposition of hydroxyapatite

Both alkaline Phosphatase and Ankylosis Protein work on pyrophosphate but it breaks down on alkaline phosphate and increase on ankylosis protein

28
Q

what are the complications assoc with Alkaline Phosphatase

A

Bones can become softer and easier to fracture

29
Q

What happens to the deficiency of Ankylosis protein

A

Extra calcification - ankylosing spondylitis

30
Q

If Ca is too low?

A

Hypocalcaemia associated with Muscle spasm

31
Q

If Ca is too High ?

A

Hypercalcemia associated with cardiac arrhythmia

32
Q

Parathyroid hormone works on bone ?

A

Osteoclasts stimulated to release stored calcium ions from bone

33
Q

Parathyroid Gland Response

A

Intestinal Response

Absorption of calcium increases

34
Q

Parathyroid Gland Response

A

Kidney absorb calcium ions

35
Q

What is the hormone released by Thyroid hormone/Ce cells ?

A

Calcitonin

36
Q

What are the other hormones released by thyroid hormone?

A

T3 and T4

37
Q

What is the function of Calcitonin on bone?

A

the osteoclast activity decreases and the osteoblast activity unaffected

38
Q

What is the effect of Calcitonin in Intestinal Response?

A

inhibits the absorption of calcium from the intestine, by this way calcium level slowly decreases

39
Q

What is the effect of calcitonin in the kidney?

A

It inhibits the reabsorption of calcium from the kidney and promotes the excretion of calcium in the urine

40
Q

What are the 3 ways the calcium would be decreased?

A

Osteoclast inhibited
absorption in the intestine has slowed down
Renal reabsorption is inhibited and Renal excretion is promoted

41
Q

What is negative feedback

A

Release of both hormones (PTH and Calcitonin) is controlled by Negative feedback cycle

42
Q

Factors that affect bone growth

A

Sex
End of puberty
Stress - when the body releases cortisol that inhibits growth and increase breakdown

43
Q

Adverse effect of cortisol

A

inhibits osteoblasts
stimulates osteoclasts

44
Q

Hormones that affect bone growth ?

A

Growth Hormone
Hypothyroidism
Drug/Steroid use

45
Q

what is the effect of cortisol in bone growth ?

A

It inhibits the development of Bone growth

46
Q

What is Wolff’s Law ?

A

Long bones are thickest midway along the shaft
Curved bones are thickest where they are more likely to buckle

47
Q
A

Applied anatomy of Musketoletal (7 decks)

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