Bone Physiology And Development Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Name the functions of the skeletal system
A
- To protect the organs
- To support the body
- To maintain calcium and phosphorus levels in the body
2
Q
What does calcitrol, calcitonin and the parathyroid hormone do?
A
Controls the amount of calcium present in the bone and circulation
3
Q
What is compact bone comprised of?
A
The Harversian system
4
Q
What is cancellous bone also known as?
A
Spongy bone
5
Q
In what part of a long bone do primary ossification centres appear?
A
The diaphysis
6
Q
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
A
The forelimbs and hindlimbs
7
Q
What type of bone is the os penis an example of?
A
Splanchnic bone
8
Q
What type of bone is the thoracic vertebrae an example of?
A
Irregular bone
9
Q
How many thoracic vertebrae are present in a horse?
A
18
10
Q
What is a condyle described as?
A
A rounded protuberance at the end of a bone
11
Q
What is the correct term for the most cranial sternebrae?
A
The manubrium
12
Q
What is a joint the presents are sutures classified as?
A
A fibrous joint
13
Q
Give three functions of synovial fluid?
A
-Shock absorbency
-Nutrition
-Lubrication
14
Q
Explain the term “extension of a joint”
A
Straightening the limb by increasing the angle of the joint
15
Q
What do ligaments link together?
A
Bone to bone
16
Q
What type of tissue are ligaments?
A
Dense connective tissue
17
Q
What type of tissue are tendons?
A
Dense connective tissue
18
Q
What do tendons attach together?
A
Muscle to bone
19
Q
What is the thick central part of a muscle known as?
A
The belly
20
Q
What is the basic unit of myofibril?
A
Sarcomere
21
Q
What two contractile proteins are found in muscle?
A
Actin and myosin
22
Q
What is the correct term given to the muscle sheath?
A
Epimysium
23
Q
What is the distal part of a muscle, where it attaches via a tendon, known as?
A
The point of insertion
24
Q
Which muscles lie ventral to the transverse processes of the vertebrae?
A
Hypaxial muscles
25
What is the stay apparatus in equine species?
The anatomy that comprises of a series of muscles, tendons, and ligaments in the limbs and allows passive maintenance of the standing position
26
Where are the gastrocnemius muscles located?
In the hindlimb
27
What does the biceps brachii muscle do?
Flexes the elbow
28
What structure is associated with the upward and downward movement of wings in birds?
The pectoral muscles
29
What is the diaphragm comprised of?
Muscle and tendon
30
What bones are associated with the axial skeleton?
- Skull
- Spine/vertebral column
- Ribs
- Sternum
31
What structures are associated with the appendicular skeleton?
Limbs
32
How does the appendicular skeleton attach to the axial skeleton?
Via the shoulder and the pelvis
33
What does the cranium do?
Houses the brain
34
What does the hyoid apparatus do?
- Suspend the larynx and tongue from the skull
| - Supports the tongue
35
What is the technical name for dogs with long, narrow head?
Dolicocephalic
36
What is the technical name for dogs with a medium sized head?
Mesocephalic
37
What is the technical name for dogs with a short, wide head?
Brachycephalic
38
What does poor development of the skull cause?
- A small cranium
- Leads to part of the cerebellum being pushed out the back of the skull
- Can cause fluid buildup in the brain or spinal cord
39
Name the five different regions of the spine
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar 
- Sacral
- Coccygeal
40
Where are the cervical vertebrae located?
In the neck
41
Where are the thoracic vertebrae located?
In the chest region
42
Where are the lumbar vertebrae located?
In the abdominal region and lower back
43
Where are the sacral vertebrae located?
In the pelvic region
44
Where are the coccygeal vertebrae located?
 in the tail of the animal
45
What does the C1 Atlas do?
Allows the head to nod
46
What does the C2 axis do?
Allows the head to rotate or shake
47
What is between each vertebrae body?
Invertebral discs
48
What do inverterbral discs do?
Have a shock absorbing affect to minimise damage to spinal cord but still allow some flexibility
49
What does the basic rib structure consist of?
- The body
| - Costal cartilage
50
What is the body of a rib?
The bony part of the articulates with the thoracic vertebrae
51
What is the costal cartilage of a rib? 
The lower half of the rib
52
What is the costochondral junction?
The area where the rib bone and cartilage meet
53
What bones are categorised as being within the forelimbs?
- Clavicle
- Scapula
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpus
- Metacarpus
- Phalanges
54
What bones are categorised as being within the hindlimbs?
- Pelvis
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsus
- Metatarsus
- Phalanges
55
What type of bone developed within soft tissue?
Splanchnic bone
56
What is a crest described as?
A raised area of bone
57
What is a foreman described as?
A hole or opening within a bone
58
What is a fossa described as?
A depression within a hole where another structure is found
59
What is a groove described as?
A depression in a bone
60
What is a process described as?
A thin, elongated projection
61
What is a sinus described as?
A narrow, hollow cavity
62
What is a spine described as?
The central part of the bone
63
What is a trochanter described as?
A prominent area of the theme of lies behind the head of the femur
64
What is a tubercle described as?
A small elevation on the surface of a bone
65
What is a tuberosity described as?
The area of the tubercle where tendons attach
66
What are osteoblasts?
Immature cells that can synthesise osteoid (the bone matrix)
67
What are osteocytes?
Bone cells
68
What are osteoclasts?
Cells that can break down and remodel bone
69
Describe compact bone structure
Solid and hard outer layer of bones
70
Describe cancellous bone structure
Internal mesh/web of bone called trabeculae
71
Where is cancellous bone located?
In the ends of long bones, and the middle of short/flat bones
72
What do long bones consist of?
And outer cortex of bone and a central medullary cavity which contains bone marrow
73
What makes a bone marrow?
- Vascular tissue
- Fat
- Platelets
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
74
What is the outer part of a long bone covered in?
Periosteum
75
What is the central shaft of a long bone called?
Diaphysis
76
What is the end of a long bone called?
Epiphysis
77
What is the area between the diaphysis and epiphysis known as?
The metaphysis
78
What is the skeleton primarily made up of in young animals?
Cartilage
79
Via which two processes does bone development occur?
- Intramembranous ossification
| - Endochondral ossification
80
What happens during intramembranous ossification?
Osteoblasts lay down bone between two layers of fibrous connective tissue
81
What happens during endochondral ossification?
The replacement of a cartilage template with bone
82
Where does primary endochondral ossification take place?
In the diaphysis
83
Where does secondary endochondral ossification take place?
In the epiphyses
84
What is a joint?
What you are more bones join together
85
What are the three classifications of joints?
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
86
How do you fibrous joints present in the skull?
Sutures
87
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
- Synchondroses
| - Symphyses
88
Where are synchondroses located?
Between the epiphyses and diaphyses in growing animals 
89
Where are symphyses located?
Between the mandible bones of the lower jaw, and the pubic bones of the pelvis
90
What characteristics are associated with synovial joints?
- Presence of synovial membrane
- Fibrous joint capsule
- Articular surfaces
- Synovial fluid
- Ligaments
- Menisci
91
What is flexion of a joint?
Bending the limb by decreasing the angle of the joint
92
What is extension of a joint?
Straightening the limb by increasing the angle of the joint
93
What is adduction of a joint?
Moving the limb distal to the joint towards the midline or body
94
What is abduction of a joint?
Moving the limb distal to the joint towards the midline or body
95
What is gliding of a joint?
Flat surfaces moving over each other
96
What is rotation of a joint?
Movement shown by a pivot joint
97
What is circumduction of a joint?
Moving one end of a bone in a circular motion
98
What is protraction of a joint?
Lengthening the limb by moving distal limb away from the body
99
What is retraction of a joint?
Shortening the limb by moving the distal limb towards the body
100
What is supination of a joint?
Turning the lower surface of the paw downwards
101
What is pronation of a joint?
Turning the lower surface of the paw upwards
102
How are tendons arranged?
In parallel
103
Why are tendons arranged in parallel?
To form cords which have great tensile strength
104
What do ligaments consist of?
Mostly bundles of elastin molecules formed into elastic fibres with some bundles of collagen
105
What does skeletal muscle do?
It attaches to the skeleton and bring about movement
106
What is the muscle origin?
The proximal attachment to the skeleton
107
What is the muscle insertion?
What is the distal part of the muscle attaches to the skeleton
108
What a bundles of muscle fibres called?
Fascicles
109
 how is muscle contraction brought about?
Via a nerve impulse
