Bone Tissue

Question 1

what is bone?

Answer 1

organ made up of several tissues (bone, cartilage, connective adipose and nervous tissues)

Question 2

Functions of the Skeletal System

Answer 2

-Provides support
-Protects organs
-assists body movements
-mineral homeostasis
-blood cell production
-stores triglycerides

Question 3

where are triglycerides stored in bone?

Answer 3

the adipose cells of yellow marrow

Question 4

what are the structures of a long bone?

Answer 4

diaphysis
2 epiphyses
2 metaphyses
articular cartilage
periosteum
medullary cavity
endosteum

Question 5

what is the diaphysis?

Answer 5

BONE SHAFT

Question 6

what are the 2 epiphyses?

Answer 6

both ends of the bone at the joints

Question 7

what are the 2 metaphyses

Answer 7

region between diaphysis and epiphysis

Question 8

what does the articular cartilage cover?

Answer 8

both epiphyses

Question 9

what is the periosteum?

Answer 9

connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis

Question 10

what is the medullary cavity

Answer 10

Hollow space within diaphysis

Question 11

what is the endosteum?

Answer 11

thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

Question 12

what does the extracellular matrix consist of?

Answer 12

15% water
30% collagen
55% crystallized mineral salts

Question 13

What makes up hydroxyapatite?

Answer 13

mineral salts
calcium phosphate
calcium hydroxide

Question 14

what are the 4 types of cells in bones

Answer 14

osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes

Question 15

what are osteoprogenitor cells?

Answer 15

bone stem cells able to differentiate into other types of cells

Question 16

what are osteoblasts

Answer 16

bone building cells that secrete matrix, initiates calcification

Question 17

what are osteocytes?

Answer 17

mature bone cells

Question 18

what are osteoclasts?

Answer 18

remodel bones and cause them to release calcium, bone resoption

Question 19

what does compact bone do?

Answer 19

provides protection and support, strongest

Question 20

what is spongy bone?

Answer 20

lightweight and provides tissue support, AKA trabecular or cancellous bone

Question 21

where do periostea arteries enter the diaphysis?

Answer 21

the volkmanns canals

Question 22

what is ossification?

Answer 22

process of bone formation

Question 23

what are the 4 situations bones form

Answer 23

-during embryological and fetal development
-when bones grown before adulthood
-when bones remodel
-when fractures heal

Question 24

what are the 2 types of ossification?

Answer 24

intramembranous
endochondral

Question 25

where does intramembranous ossification occur?

Answer 25

in flat bones when a connective tissue membrane is replaced by bone

Question 26

what is replaced in developing embryo and fetus?

Answer 26

Endochondral ossification replaces cartilage

Question 27

where does endochondral ossification occur?

Answer 27

in epiphyseal plates of long bones with they grow in length

Question 28

what makes bones thicken?

Answer 28

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 29

what are factors the affect bone growth and remodeling?

Answer 29

minerals vitamins hormones

Question 30

what are the steps in bone healing?

Answer 30

reactive phase reparative phase bone remodeling phase

Question 31

what are the 2 steps in the reparative phase?

Answer 31

formation of fibrocartilaginous callus bony callus

Question 32

what is calcium and phosphorus factor in bone growth

Answer 32

make bone extracellular matrix hard

Question 33

what is magnesiums factor in bone growth?

Answer 33

helps form bone extracellular matrix

Question 34

what is fluorides factor in bone growth?

Answer 34

helps strengthen bone extracellular matrix

Question 35

what is manganese factor in bone growth?

Answer 35

Activates enzymes involved in synthesis of bone extracellular matrix

Question 36

what is Vitamin A factor in bone growth?

Answer 36

needed for osteoblasts, deficiency stunts bone growth

Question 37

What is vitamin C factor in bone growth?

Answer 37

Needed for synthesis of collagen, deficiency leads to decreased collagen slowed bone growth and repair

Question 38

What is vitamin D factor in bone growth

Answer 38

helps with calcium absorption, deficiency causes faulty calcification and slows bone growth.

Question 39

what is Vitamin K and B12 factor in bone growth?

Answer 39

Needed for synthesis of bone proteins, deficiency leads to abnormal protein production in bone extracellular matrix and decrease bone density

Question 40

what is growth hormones factor in bone growth?

Answer 40

promotes general growth of all body tissues, mainly by stimulating production of insulin-like growth factors.

Question 41

what is growth hormone secreted from?

Answer 41

anterior lobe of pituitary gland

Question 42

What is Insulin-Like growth factors function in bone growth?

Answer 42

promotes normal bone growth by stimulation osteoblasts and by increasing the synthesis of proteins needed to build new ones

Question 43

what are thyroid hormones factor in bone growth?

Answer 43

Promote normal bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts

Question 44

where is insulin-like growth factors secreted from?

Answer 44

liver, bones and other tissues

Question 45

What is insulins factor in bone growth?

Answer 45

promotes normal bone growth by increasing synthesis of bone proteins

Question 46

what is Parathyroid hormones factor in bone growth?

Answer 46

promotes bone resorption by osteoclasts, enhances recovery of calcium ions from urine and promotes formation of the active form of vitamin D

Question 47

what is calcitonins factor in bone growth?

Answer 47

inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts

Question 48

what is osteoporosis

Answer 48

when bone resorption outpaces formation

Question 49

what is rickets and osteomalacia

Answer 49

inadequate calcification of extracellular bone matrix,

Question 50

what does Ricketts affect?

Answer 50

affects children, leads to bow legs deformed skull ribs pelvis

Question 51

What does Osteomalacia affect?

Answer 51

adults and causes painful/tender bones and fractures with minor trauma

Question 52

what is osteoarthritis?

Answer 52

degeneration of articular cartilage, leads to friction of bone on bone

Question 53

What is Osteomyelitis

Answer 53

infection of bone

Question 54

what is osteopenia

Answer 54

reduced bone mass below normal

Question 55

where does hematopoiesis happen?

Answer 55

in the red marrow