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DT 1 Test 1 > Bones 1 > Flashcards

Bones 1 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What cells have RANK ligand?

A

Osteoblasts and marrow stoma cells

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2
Q

Where is the RANK receptor located?

A

Osteoclasts precursor

Allows OC generation and survival

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3
Q

Describe the M-CSF pathway

A

M-CSF secreted by OB

Receptor located on OC, allows OC generation and survival

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4
Q

What is the function of the WNT/B-catenin pathway?

A

WNT from marrow stomal cells binds LRP5 and 6 receptor on OB

Secretes OPG that blocks RANK

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5
Q

What substances make up bone?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite

Organic matrix, mostly Type 1 Collagen

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6
Q

What are the two main types of bone?

A

Woven bone- random collagen deposition

Lamellar bone - ordered collagen deposition

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7
Q

What is osteopontin?

A

Unique to bone, levels parallel to osteoblast activity

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8
Q

What is alkaline phosphatase?

A

From osteoblasts

But also located in liver and placenta

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of woven bone?

A

Rapid bone growth - e.g. healing fracture

Resists forces in all directions

Always pathologic

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of lamellar bone?

A

Ordered collagen deposition

Replaces woven bone

Stronger than woven bone

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11
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Process of bone formation, direct from mesenchyme

Appositional growth

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12
Q

What is dysostosis?

A

Local problems in migration of mesenchyme and their condensation

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13
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Global defect in regulation of skeletal organogenesis

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of Cleidocranial dysplasia?

A

Short stature

Abnormal clavicles

Supernumery teeth

Wormian bone

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15
Q

What is the cause of cleidocranial dysplasia?

A

RUNX2 transcription factor defect

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16
Q

What is the cause of achondroplasia?

A

FGFR3 point mutation, GoF mutation that inhibits cartilage growth

90% results from point mutation

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17
Q

If achondroplasia is hereditary, what is its inheritance pattern?

A

Autosomal dominant

Most common from paternal allele

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of achondroplasia?

A

Short stature

Short proximal limbs

Enlarged head with bulging forehead

Normal longeivity, intelligence, and reproduction

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19
Q

What is the cause of thanatophoric dwarfism?

A

FGFR3 mutation, GoF

Most common lethal dwarfism

“Cloverleaf” skull

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20
Q

What is osteopetrosis?

A

Diffuse systemic bone sclerosis

“Marble bone disease”

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21
Q

What are the possible causes of osteopetrosis?

A

Reduced osteoclast bone resorption, cannot acidify pit

Defect in RANKL - not enough OC activity

LRP5 GoF

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22
Q

What are the signs of osteopetrosis?

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A

Bone deposition replaces medullary cavity

Bulbous long bones - erlenmyer flask deformity

Narrow neural foramina

Brittle bones

23
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

Study These Flashcards
A

Group 1 type 1 collagen diseases

Brittle bone disease

*can be confused with child abuse

24
Q

What is the most common type of osteogenesis imperfecta?

Study These Flashcards
A

Autsomal dominant

25
What are the signs of osteogenesis imperfecta?
Blue sclera Dentinogenesis imperfeta Hearing loss - abnormal ear bone Joint laxity Normal lifespan
26
What is osteoporosis?
Increased bone porosity and decreased mass Can be from disuse or metabolic
27
Why is X-ray not sensistive for osteoporosis?
Can only detect only after 30-40% of bone loss
28
What is the difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis?
Osteopenia - decrease in bone mass Osteoporosis- osteopenia to the point of risk of fracture
29
What is senile osteoporosis?
Mostly hereditary determined by Vit D receptor Slow decrease in bone mass over time Cortex thinned on all surfaces Low turnover
30
What is the cause of postmenopausal osteoporosis?
Decreased estrogen leads to increased inflammatory cytokines High turnover form
31
What is osteitis fibrosa cystica?
Severe form of hyperparathyroidism Increased activity OC>OB
32
What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?
Adenoma
33
How is the skeleton affected in hyperparathyroidism?
Subperiosteal resorption thins cortices Loss of lamina dura around teeth Affects entire skeleton
34
What are the characteristic x-ray findings of hyperparathyroidism?
Bone loss radial aspect of middle phalanges of index and middle finger Osteopenia
35
What are brown tumors?
Bone replaced by fibrovascular tissue Granulation tissue and hemosiderin Characteristic of hyperparathyroidism
36
What are the symptoms of renal osteodystrophy?
Increased or decreased OC/OB activity Hyperparathyroidism (secondary) Decreased Vit D converstion Metabolic acidosis: incrased calcium
37
What demographic does Paget disease affect?
Mid adulthood caucasians from US, Europe
38
What are the stages of Paget disese?
OSteolytic - loss of bone mass Mixed - osteolytic and osteoblastic Osteosclerotic - coarse thick irregular trabeculae
39
What characteristic xray finding is associated with early-stage paget's disaese?
Blade of grass lesion
40
How does Paget disease present?
Pain from microfactures Increased alkaline phosphatase Normal Ca/PO4 Warm skin over affected bone Tumors
41
How is Paget disease treated?
Calcitonin and biphosphonates
42
What is osteonecrosis?
Infarction of bone and marrow Mechanisms that create ischemia
43
What is the most common cause of osteonecrosis?
Coritcosteroids
44
What is osteomyelitis?
Inflammation of the bone almost always from infection
45
What is the classic x-ray for osteomyeltitis?
Lytic bone lesion with surrounding sclerosis
46
What is the most common causitive bacteria if an osteomyeltitis culture is positive?
S. aureus
47
What is the common location of pyogenic osteomyelitis in a neonate, child, and adult?
Neonate - metaphysis and/or epiphysis Children - metaphysis Adualt - epiphysis and subchondral bone
48
What is a sequestrum?
Dead piece of bone
49
How many cases of osteomyeltitis become chronic osteomyelitis and why?
5-25% Hard to reach area with antibiotics
50
What is the most common skin cancer associated with osteomyelitis?
Squamous cell carcinoma
51
What is the most common form of TB osteomyelitis?
Potts disease
52
What is Potts disease?
L/T spine Break through dics to other vertebrae Involve two vertebrae
53
What are the characteristic findings of syphilis of the bone?
Saddle nose - collapsed nose Saber shin - tibia

DT 1 Test 1 (18 decks)

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