Bones

Question 1

Different types of bone+ explained

Answer 1

Long- tubular in shape with expanded ends

flat- cranial vault, thoracic cage

sesamoid- bones with developed inside tendons- patella

short- wrist and ankle- cuboidal

irregular- pelvis, vertebral column

Question 2

Functions of the skeleton

Answer 2

• rigid supporting framework
• protection of soft tissues
• facilitation of movement- walking or gestures- eating-communication
• resistance of forces
• haematopoiesis
• store of phosphate and calcium
• weight bearing

Question 3

What is the pectoral girdle?

Answer 3

scapula and clavicle- formed by intramembranous ossification

Question 4

Pectoral girdle functions

Answer 4

Clavicle holds the upper limb clear of the trunk, increasing the range of movement of which the upper limb is capable- acts as a strut

• transmits force from upper limb to axial skeleton, so frequently fractured

protraction- moved forward

retracted- pulled backwards

elevated- moved up

depressed- moved down

rotated medially and laterally

Question 5

Skeleton of the upper limb

Answer 5

clavicle, scapula, humorous, ulna, radius and wrist and hand bones- carpals, metacarpals and phalanges

Question 6

what is the bicipital groove?

Answer 6

groove between the greater and lesser tuberosities of humorous and serves a point of attachment for the biceps brachii

Question 7

What is a common fracture site of the humorous + why?

Answer 7

surgical neck, as this bone is at an angle and thinner. May cause damage to the axillary nerve

Question 8

deltoid tuberosity function

Answer 8

point of attachment of the deltoid on the humorous

Question 9

radial groove location + function

Answer 9

posterior surface of shaft- position of radial nerve

Question 10

where does ulnar nerve pass + what this can cause?

Answer 10

posterior to the medial epicondyle, where it is rather superficial, thus a knock may elicit tingling in the forearm

Question 11

End of humorous structure

Answer 11

lateral rounded capitulum- articulates with radial head

trochlea which articulates with trochlea notch of ulna

Question 12

Different articulations and different extension

Answer 12

arm is fully extended- olecranon of ulna

fully flexed- radial head and coronoid process of ulna

Question 13

radial tuberosity function

Answer 13

point of attachment for biceps brachii

pivots around the ulna at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints

Question 14

Radius distal structure

Answer 14

radial shaft expands to form a rectangular end with lateral side projecting distally to form the styloid process

• two shallow depressions called asrtciular facets for articulation with the scaphoid and lunate

Question 15

Ulna function

Answer 15

acts as a stabilising bone with the radius pivoting around it to produce movement

Question 16

4 structures on the proximal Ulna + function

Answer 16

olecranon- found on posterior surface- where the triceps brachii muscles attach - articulates with olecranon fossa

coronoid process- raised crest of bone

trochlear notch- wrench shaped indent formed by the olecranon and coronoid process - articulates with trochlea of humerous

radial notch - found lateral to the trochlear notch and artciulaes with head of radius

capitulum on humorous articulates with radius head

Question 17

Distal ulna structure

Answer 17

• ulnar head articulates with radius
• does not articulate with wrist- blocked by cartilaginous disc
• projection called styloid process

Question 18

Nick name for carpal bones

Answer 18

some lunatics try positions that they cannot handle

Question 19

Name carpal bones

Answer 19

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Question 20

proximal row

Answer 20

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, pisiform

Question 21

distal row

Answer 21

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Question 22

Which carpal is most often fractured?

Answer 22

Scaphoid

Question 23

Why is this fracture worrying?

Answer 23

Scaphoid is known as the anatomical snuffbox- avascular necrosis can occur, as the scaphoid blood supply comes from two different vascular branches of the radial artery

Question 24

Functions of pelvic girdle

Answer 24

attach axial skeleton to appendicular

transmit weight from axial skeleton

movement- enables locomotion via deep synovial ball and socket joints

provides attachment for muscles and ligaments

contains and protects the pelvic organs

Question 25

Important Structure of hip bone

Answer 25

Ichildhood fusion of three bones: ileum, ischium and pubis acetabulum is formed from all three bones Greater sciatic notch present below posterior inferior iliac spine- where the sciatic nerve passes through the posterior thigh obturator foramen formed from ischium and pubis

Question 26

Femur function

Answer 26

transmit force from the tibia to the hip bone weight bearing

Question 27

proximal femur shape

Answer 27

head- articulates with acetabulum. contains a depression on the medial aspect- fovea wapitis- where an intracapsular ligament from the acetabulum attaches long neck- greater range of movement greater trochanter- attachment for gluteal muscles lesser trochanter- posterior medial side- site of attachment for psoas major and iliac

Question 28

Femur shaft structure

Answer 28

extends in a slight medial direction- bringing the knees closer to the body- closer to the centre of gravity for increased stability gluteal tuberosity- where gluteus Maximus attaches distally forks into medial and lateral supracondylar lines popliteal fossa created by lineament aspera

Question 29

Distal femur structure

Answer 29

medial and lateral condyles- posterior, inferior surfaces articulate with tibia - anterior surface with patella medial and lateral epicondyles- bony elevations of the non articulating surface- attachment for muscles and collateral ligaments

Question 30

Patella structure

Answer 30

sesamoid bone embedded in the quadriceps tendon in the knee, which is found in the patellofemoral groove attaches superior to quadriceps tendon and inferiorly to patellar ligament

Question 31

Function of placement of quadriceps tendon

Answer 31

enhances leverage that the quadriceps tendon can exert on the femur- increasing the efficiency of the muscle in extension of the kneww

Question 32

Tibia Proximal structure

Answer 32

- medial and lateral condyle, with a central intercondylar eminence - contains two tubercles which articulate with the intercondylar fossa tibial tuberosity- anterior and distal to condyles- where patellar ligament attaches

Question 33

Distal tibial structure

Answer 33

distal end widens to help with weight bearing medial malleolus projects inferiorly from the medial tibia and articulates with the tarsal bones to form the ankle joint fibular notch lateral

Question 34

Fibula function

Answer 34

for muscle attachment and stabilisation of the ankle- NOT WEIGHT BEARING no supination or pronation

Question 35

Fibula structure

Answer 35

proximal end does not articulate with the femur enlarged head with a point called the apex which contains a facet for articulation with the tibial lateral condyle distal end- lateral malleolus

Question 36

Ankle and foot function

Answer 36

provide mechanical support for sot tissues to help withstand the weight of the body

Question 37

3 bones in foot

Answer 37

tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges

Question 38

how many tarsals

Answer 38

7

Question 39

name tarsals from posterior to anterior

Answer 39

calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, 3 cuneiforms

Question 40

calcaneus structure and function

Answer 40

largest tarsal bone forms the heel thick and sturdy to transmit forces from the talus to the ground articulate superiorly with the talus to form the subtler joint posterior calcaneus tuberosity serves as a point of insertion for the gastrocnemius achilles tendon

Question 41

Talus structure and function

Answer 41

most superior transmits force from the tibia to the calcaneus

Question 42

Metatarsals structure + articulations

Answer 42

each has proximal base and distal head tarsometatarsal joints- 3 medial articulate with cuneiforms, 2 lateral articulate with cuboid

Question 43

How many phalanges does each digit have?

Answer 43

halux- 2 | II-V have 3