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Organisation of the Body: Gross Anatomy > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Joint definition

A

Articulation between two or more bones, which can be mobile or immobile

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2
Q

What is the stability of the joint dependent on?

A

shape and size of articular surface

thickness of surrounding join capsule

skeletal muscles and tendons passing across the joint

ligaments associated with the joint

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3
Q

Structure of ligaments

A

composed of collagen fibres arranged in parallel arrays containing. varying amount of elastin protein

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4
Q

Associated structures with joints

A

tendons, ligaments and bursae

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5
Q

Ligament origin

A

arise from periosteum of bone involved

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6
Q

tendon structure

A

strip of tough collagenous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone

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7
Q

bursa structure + function

A

fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over bone and between bone and skin.

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8
Q

Joints of the upper limb

A

acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, glenohumeral, elbow, proximal and distal radioulnar, radiocarpal, carpal metacarpal, intercarpal, metacarpophalangeal, interosseous membrane

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9
Q

Acromioclavicular structure explained + movement available

A

lateral clavicle edge and medial acromion

plane synovial- contained in a joint capsule
articular surfaces lined by fibrocartilage and fibrocartilaginous articular disc

little movement available

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10
Q

what stabilises the acromioclavicular joint?

A

stabilised by fibres of the trapezius and deltoid

acromioclavicular ligament

coracoclavicular ligament- attaches under surface of the clavicle to the coracoid of the scapula

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11
Q

sternoclavicular joint structure explained +

A
  • between upper lateral edge of manubrium of sternum and medial clavicle
  • saddle type synovial joint- very strong and allows a lot of movement - very mobile

atypical synovial joint- surfaces covered in fibrocartilage with a fibrocartilaginous disc - allows the sternum and the clavicle to move over when another more easily

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12
Q

movement available at sternoclavicular joint

A

depression, elevation, protraction, retraction, medial + lateral rotation

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13
Q

How is the sternoclavicular joint strengthened?

A

anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments and costoclavicular ligaments - attaches to inferior rib

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14
Q

What dislocation often occurs?

A

Anterior, as the anterior sternoclavicular ligament is weaker

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15
Q

What dislocation occurs with acromioclavicular joint? + why?

A

anterior
patient falls onto shoulder- force from the fall pushes the scapula down- collarbone cannot move to follow the motion of the scapula
- ligaments around the AC tear

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16
Q

Glenohumeral structure explained

A

Head of humorous articulates with glenoid fossa of the scapula

ball and socket synovial joint- lined with synovial which secretes synovial fluid

fibrous joint capsule sheath encloses the joint which extends form the anatomical neck of the heroes to the border of the glenoid fossa-

synovial bursae- subscapular and subacromial

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17
Q

Mobility of glenohumeral joint enhanced by ?

A
  • joint capsule is lax
  • ball and socket joint type
  • bony surfaces- relatively shallow glenoid fossa and large humeral head
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18
Q

stability enhanced by?

A
  • glenoid labrum- a fibrocartilaginous ring that deepens the socket, reducing the risk of dislocation
  • glenohumeral ligaments- relatively weak- reinforce anterior aspect- running with the glenoid labrum joint capsule
  • coracohumeral- connects coracoid process to the greater tubercle - reinforces superior part of capsule
  • transverse humeral ligament- spans from the tubercles to keep the biceps brachii tendon firm in the inter tubercular groove
  • stabilised by biceps on anterior aspect - inserts into glenoid labrum
  • rotator cuff muscles - attached via tendons that fuse with the joint capsule on all sides except inferior
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19
Q

Movement at glenohumeral joint

A

flexion/extension, circumduction, medial/lateral rotation and flexion/extension

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20
Q

dislocations at the glenohumeral joint

A
  • anterior dislocation of humeral head, due to the lack of stabilisation at the inferior region of the joint- back muscles prevent posterior dislocation
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21
Q

Elbow joint structure explained

A

Synovial hinge joint- flexion and extension

three articulations- humeroulnar joint- trochlea notch of ulna and trochlea of humorous
humeroradial- head of radius and capitulum

head of radius and radial notch of ulna- proximal radioulnar joint

  • all enclosed in a single capsule
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22
Q

Ligaments in elbow joint

A

Medial collateral- medial epicondyle to olecranon of ulna

lateral collateral- lateral epicondyle to the annular ligament of radial notch of ulnar

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23
Q

structure of capsule

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A

fibrous capsule encloses elbow joints- attaches to annular ligament

strengthens- thickens medially and laterally to form collateral ligaments

24
Q

Bursa names

Study These Flashcards
A

intratendinous, subtendinous and subcutaneous bursa

25
radio ulnar joint structures explained
pivot synovial joint- responsible for pronation and supination of the forearm annular radial ligament in proximal- allows movement however acts like a sling distal - ulna notch and head of ulna - surrounded by weak loose fibrous capsule - anterior and posterior collateral ligament - intra-articular disc which binds the radius and ulna together
26
Function of intra articulating disc
binds radius and ulna together attaches to medial styloid process- distal end of ulna articulates with disc and not carpals
27
interosseous membrane structure and function
syndesmoses- fibrous sheet of connective tissue between shafts small holes in sheet for vessels to pass through fibres pass distally from radius to ulnar- transfers compressive forces stability during pronation and supination acts as a muscle attachment site
28
Dislocation of radius
radial head pulled out of annular ligament, especially in children, called nursemaid's elbow posterior dislocation when falling on outstretched hand
29
Radiocarpal joint structure explained + movement
synovial elipsoid joint articulation between radius and convex structure formed by scaphoid, lunate and triquetrium does not articulate with pisiform as sesamoid therefore within the tendon of the wrist strengthened medially and laterally by radial and ulnar collateral ligaments flexion, extension, abduction and adduction and circumduction
30
Carpal tunnel structure
transverse carpal ligament that passes over palmar surface that holds the flexor tendons in place
31
Carpal tunnel syndrome
median nerve becomes compressed as it passes through carpal tunnel
32
mid carpal and inter carpal joint types
plane synovial- permit flexion and extension
33
first carpometacarpal joint structure + function
thumb- between first metacarpal bone and trapezium forms synovial saddle joint enables opposition- that enables the thumb to touch its other digits
34
other joint types
carpometacarpal- plane metacarpal phalangeal- synovial ellipsoid interphalangeal- hinge
35
Joints of the lower limb
pubic symphysis, sacroiliac, acetabulofemoral, knee, distal and proximal tibiofibular, interosseous membrane, talocrural, sub talar, intertarsal, tarsometatarsal, metatarsalphalangeal, inter phalangeal
36
structure of pubic symphysis explained + movement
secondary cartilaginous joint between two pubis bones articulating surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage and united by a fibrocartilaginous disc movements usually limited but mobility during pregnancy
37
sacroiliac structure and movement
- limited movement and weight bearing between the sacrum and articular surface of the ilium atypical synovial joint- one articular surface in hyaline cartilage and the other in fibrocartilage synovial plane joint surfaces are irregular- interlock preventing movement sacrotuberus and sacrospinous ligaments resist forward rotatory thrust interosseous sacroiliac ligaments limit movement- posterior, anterior
38
Explain structure of hip joint
- synovial ball and socket between pelvic acetabulum and femur head - thick cartilage- more weight bearing - capsule surrounds the joint, synovial membrane lines capsule and all surfaces without hyaline cartilage
39
Factors that increase stability
Acetabulum is very deep- deepens further by acetabular labrum head of femurs hemispherical and fits completely in the deep acetabulum- decreases the risk of dislocation - increased surface area in contact round ligamentum teres- intracapsular ligament- arises from fovea capitiis and attaches to lower transverse ligament of the acetubulum- relatively slack so little role transverse acetabular ligament- bridges the notch in the inferior margin of the acetulum to complete the socket- limiting anterior, inferior dislocations
40
3 extra capsular ligaments + structure
iliofemoral - iliac spine and intertrochanteric line of femur. inverted Y shape that prevents overextension- anterior strongest ischiofemoral- body of ischium behind acetabulum to anterior region of femur- spiral shape prevents hyperextension pubofemoral- superior pubic rami to the inferior aspect of the neck of the femur- prevents excessive abduction and extension
41
Knee joints named
tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint
42
Tibiofemoral joint structure explained
hinge joint- however when flexed can also slightly rotate and glide laterall- between the medial and lateral condyles of the femur and the tibial plateau- weight bearing no articulation with fibula surface of hyaline cartilage distal portion of femur widened into condyles to spread the compressive forces of the trunk over a wider area joint capsule encloses the lateral and posterior aspects of the knee joint but not anterior, as this is where the patella is
43
Structure of patellofemoral joint
sesamoid patella found embedded in quadriceps tendon articulates with the anterior distal femur plane synovial joint quadriceps tendon becomes the patella ligament and inserts into tibial tuberosity
44
Structure within capsule
medial and lateral menisci- two C shaped fibrocartilage structures found within the cavity, attached at both ends to the intercondylar area of the tibia medial meniscus is bigger - joints to capsule and tibial collateral ligament
45
structure and location + function
anterior and inferior cruciate ligaments lie deep within the joint, however are excluded from the synovial capsule anterior- attaches to posterior aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur and anterior upper region of tibia - shorter - ACL is pulled tight and prevents hyperextension posterior- anterior inner aspect of medial condyle and posterior upper tibia - prevents posterior dislocation of the tibia prevents femur sliding off the tibia
46
Other important ligaments present
collateral ligaments- medial and lateral- reinforce hinge joint - prevent medial and lateral rotation in extension - medial fused with meniscus oblique popliteal ligament - crosses the posterior of the knee joint - fibrous band that is an extension of the semimembranous tendon - resists torsional stresses - limits rotation when the knee locks
47
Bursa present in knee
supra patellar bursa- beneath quadricep prepatellar- in front of patella subcutaneous bursa- sandwich patellar ligament
48
Common knee injuries
menisci tears- due to excessive force from a twist or rotation ACL injury- caused by excessive pivot, suddenly changing direction
49
Tibiofibular joints structures and functions
superior- plane synovial between head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia, allows fibular to rotate slightly as the talus moves distal- syndesmoses- very little movement
50
ankle joint name and articulations
talocrural joint medial joint- between malleolus and distal end of tibia and talus lateral joint- malleolus and distal end of the fibula and talus
51
talocrural joint structure and function
compound synovial hinge joint that allows dorsiflexion and plantar flexion malleoli of tibia and fibula overhand the talus on each side like a cap, preventing ad and abduction (limited dexterity)
52
2 types of ligaments
medial (deltoid) ligaments - consists of 4 separate ligaments that fan out from the tibia malleolus and attach to talus, calcaneus and navicular bone, resting over eversion of foot lateral ligaments- 3 serrate ligaments: - anteriotalofibular - calcaneoufibular - posterior talofibular
53
Other adaptations of the foot that increases support
extensor and flexor retinacula- which are bands of dense connective tissue that hold the tendons in place plantar fascia- strong layer of fibrous tissue on the sole of the foot
54
subtalar joint structure explained
talocalcaneal- synovial plane joint talocalcaneonavicular - synvovial ball and socket joint curvatures of two articulating surfaces permits eversion and inversion
55
Two main joint disorders explained
osteoarthritis- loss of hyaline cartilage between bones- wear and tear- typically large, weight bearing bones juvenile arthitis- autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of synovial membranes

Organisation of the Body: Gross Anatomy (9 decks)

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