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ANSC 2340 > bones and cartilage > Flashcards

bones and cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

bone composition w/o water

A 
organic matter (carbon containing compounds - carbohydrates, protiens, lipids, nucleic acids)
inorganic matter (minerals aka ash)
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2
Q

how much of bone is organic tissue

A

33%, comprised of fibrous tissues + cells
fibrous tissues:
- collagen
-protien and carbohydrate

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3
Q

chondroitin sulfate purpose in bones

A

provides resistance to compression in day to day activities - sometimes taken to combat osteoarthritis.

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4
Q

role of organic tissue in bone

A

provides resilience, toughness and flexibility

- ability to return to go form.

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5
Q

inorganic salts in bone

A 
make up 67% dry matter
- 80% CaP
- 20% CaCO3 and magnesium phosphate 
- lots of Ca, 1cc/g
99% body Ca in bones and teeth
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6
Q

functions of salts and minerals in bone

A
  • Hardness
  • Rigidity
  • Resistance to x-rays
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7
Q

decalcification of bone

A

done by applying acid treatment. would result in all rigidity being eliminated making bone flexible

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8
Q

what would happen if all organic tissue was removed from bone?

A

removes all of the framework so it would literally turn into dust.

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9
Q

how much of bone is water?

A

25%

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10
Q

bone mineral primary constituents and their ratio

A

Ca:P in a 2:1 ratio

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11
Q

compositon of entire bone (w water)

A

25% water
~45% mineral content
30% organic matter

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12
Q

what major organs does the skull protect?

A

brain, eyes and ears.

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13
Q

protective functions of bone

A
  • skull
  • vertebral column for spinal cord
  • rib cage for heart and lungs
  • pelvis for repro, bladder and some of digestive tract
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14
Q

functions of bone

A 
protective
gives the body structure
acts as a lever for locomotion
mineral storage
blood formation
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15
Q

osteoblasts

A

synthesize bone
produces bone matrix
produces collagen and ground stubstance
calcification of matrix

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16
Q

when osteoblasts synthesize bone, what do they do?

A
  1. soft flexible matrix of organic tissue secreted made of collagen fibres and polysaccharides and protien (called GAGS) aka osteoid
  2. harden the matrix via ossification
    - get trapped in the ossified matrix to make osteocytes
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17
Q

canaliculi

A

tubes that supply blood to osteocytes via development of cytoplasmic extensions

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18
Q

cancellous bone

A

aka spongy
central part w spaces filled w marrow and blood vessels. deals w muscles, gravity and other bones.
found on the ends of long bones. contains the red marrow which makes blood for animal.

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19
Q

cancellous bone characteristics

A

spongy, lightweight, very strong. has red marrow

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20
Q

age effect on red marrow

A

in compact bone, present in young but converted to yellow as ages.

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21
Q

what is the primary source to synthesize blood cells?

A

rib+sternum marrow

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22
Q

compact bone characteristics

A

heavy, dense, strong

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23
Q

compact bone

A

outside layer of all bones, shafts of long bones. many tiny compacted cylinders of bone, each cylinder contains central canal containing blood vessels, lymphatic and nerves. ossified bone matrix forms the tube/cylinder

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24
Q

lamellae

A

ossified bone matrix/bone., support system and cells involved

25
Haversian or osteonal systems
tight compact cylinders of bone, made of central canal that contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. contacts each other via canaliculi for nutrient and waste exchange
26
components of long bone
``` epiphysis diaphysis epiphyseal plate/physis articular cartilage endosteum periosteum ```
27
epiphysis
located on extremities. made of spongy bone, provides lightness and strength. shock absorbers and levers. covered in compact bone covering the whole bone.
28
diaphysis
aka shaft | contains marrow or medullary cavity. covered in compact bone, where bone can increase in diameter
29
epiphyseal plate/physis
aka growth plate. cartilage between ends and long bone. where bones increase in length, prone to breaking
30
articular cartilage
on surface of compact bone where it contacts there bones to make a joint. made of hyaline cartilage. reduces friction and wear/tear in joints
31
endosteum
membrane that lines the surfaces surrounding or facing medullary cavity - can make or destroy bones. made of connective tissue involved in bone growth, repair, and remodeling
32
periosteum
covers all bones, outer layer made of CT like collagen inner layer w osteoblasts synthesizes and secretes organic matrix. needed in all ages of animals ppl
33
periosteum function
increase shaft and diameter, heal fractures/ bone breaks
34
red marrow
common in the young in limited areas in older animals blood forming
35
yellow marrow
``` hard and fatty stores fat no blood forming capabilities most common type can revert back to red ```
36
osteocytes
mature bone cell, maintains bone matrix, can be recruited for osteoblasts
37
osteoclasts
large and motile cells from stem cells in marrow and spleen, breaks down bone. cells present for normal bone turnover and repairing breaks and fractures.
38
long bones
longer than wide grows from the ends many limb bones (humerus, radius, ulna, tibia etc
39
long bone functions
levers support weight locomotion/movement prehension
40
short bone
cubic shape, no marrow cavity. | many movements, shock absorption required. like hands and feet
41
flat bones
thin and expanded in 2 dimensions | - protects vital organs, inc skull bones, ribs, frontal bone, nasal bone
42
sesamoid bones
like a sesame seed, protects tendons, like the patella
43
irregular bones
unpaired bones, have complex shape, work for protection, support and muscle attachment like vertabrae and skull bones
44
cartilage function
forms attachments w bones, inserted between joint surfaces of bones supporting framework for soft structures v important for rest tract starting point for bone synthesis
45
cartilage synthesis
done by chondrocytes derived from mesenchyme (undergo mitosis and matrix formation)
46
hyaline cartilage
glassy appearance | found in joint surfaces, smooth surfaces, costal cartilage
47
elastic cartilage
shape, structure, and flexibility. | yellow in colour. inner ear, epiglottis, larynx.
48
fibro cartilage
semielastic cushion of strength in intervertebral discs of the spine also in ligaments and knee joint and pelvic bones strongest cartilage
49
how does cartilage differ from bone
softness- softer more flexible and resilient than bone bone is better at regenerating
50
ossification or osteogenesis
bone formation, no effect on structure, similar basis in mechanism, deposited tissue gets calcified,
51
heteroplastic bone formation
non-skeletal sites, aka visceral skeleton - os penis to aid mating - os cordis to support heart valves - os rostri - in pigs to strengthen noses for rooting behaviour
52
intramembranosus ossification
synthesis of membrane bone - simple and direct method. no cartilage involved at all
53
enochondral ossification
develops from cartilage template - in utero | major method for bone formation
54
postnatal growth
adding bone to outer surface, increases size of medullary cavity bc of osteoclasts. bone at full size - plate gets ossified, no more cartilage. capacity to remodel bone
55
bone remodelling effect of stress on bones
decreases muscle mass, also decreases mobility. an increase in muscle mass increases bone mass
56
what is bone remodeling
turnover of bone structure, bone is a dynamic living tissue
57
when blood serum is low what happens
parathyroid hormone increases he release of Ca salts from bones
58
parathyroid hormone action on osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes
Osteoclasts ? - incresae Osteoblasts ?- decrease Osteocytes ?- increase

ANSC 2340 (13 decks)

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