Bony Fishes - Introduction

Question 1

aka bony fishes

Answer 1

osteichthyes

Question 2

skeleton of osteichthyes

Answer 2

primarily composed of bone

Question 3

osteichthyes is from the word

Answer 3

Greek
- osteon (bone)
- ikhthus (fish)

Question 4

when does osteichthyes date back to

Answer 4

Late Silurian period

Question 5

Silurian period

Answer 5

time of major evolutionary advancements in both marine and terrestrial life

Question 6

where did bony fishes evolve from

Answer 6

early jawed fish

Question 7

oldest known bony fish

Answer 7

Guiyu oneiros

Question 8

general skeletal structure of bony fishes:
endoskeleton

Answer 8

true bone (ossified tissue0

Question 9

general skeletal structure of bony fishes:
skul

Answer 9

• composed of multiple fused bone
• well-defined jaw with tooth (some have tooth plates)

Question 10

general skeletal structure of bony fishes:
vertebral column

Answer 10

• provides structural support and flexibility
• notochord replaced by vertebrae

Question 11

general skeletal structure of bony fishes:
fins and limb structure

Answer 11

• supported by bony fin rays
• lobed fins have internal bones homologous to tetrapods

Question 12

bony fin rays

Answer 12

lepidotrichia

Question 13

general skeletal structure of bony fishes:
ribs and girdles

Answer 13

• ribs protect internal organs
• girdles support fin attachment

Question 14

general skeletal structure of bony fishes:
operculum

Answer 14

• bony plate covering gills
• aid in respiration

Question 15

gas-filled organ found in most bony fish that helps them contrl buoyancy in water

Answer 15

swim bladder

Question 16

two types of swim bladder

Answer 16

1. physostomous swim bladder
2. physoclistous swim bladder

Question 17

• found in more primitive fish
• connected to the esophagus via a duct, allowing the fish to gulp air at the surface to fill the bladder or release ari

Answer 17

physostomous swim bladder

Question 18

• found in more advanced fish
• not connected to the esophagus
• gas exchange happens throught he rete mirabile, a network of blood vesselst that transfers gas into or out of the bladder

Answer 18

physoclistous swim bladder

Question 19

network of blood vessels that transfers gas into or out of the bladder

Answer 19

rete mirabile

Question 20

three main types of scales in bony fishes

Answer 20

1. cycloid
2. ctenoid
3. ganoid

Question 21

shape of cycloid

Answer 21

round, smooth, without spines or ridges

Question 22

location of cycloid scales

Answer 22

found in fish like salmon, trout, and carp

Question 23

function of cycloid scales

Answer 23

greated flexibility and speed while reducing friction

Question 24

structure of cycloid

Answer 24

comopsed of thin layers of bone

Question 25

appearance of cycloid scales

Answer 25

smooth, shiny, streamlined appearance

Question 26

shape of ctenoid scales

Answer 26

similar to cyclid but with tiny comb-like structures on the outer edges

Question 27

location of ctenoid

Answer 27

common in perch, bass, and other modern fish

Question 28

function of ctenoid scales

Answer 28

reduce drag even further than cycloid scales

Question 29

structure of ctenoid scales

Answer 29

- made up of bone - have more textured surface

Question 30

appearance of ctenoid scales

Answer 30

fine, comb-like teeth along the edges, contributing to their rough texture

Question 31

shape of ganoid scales

Answer 31

diamond-shapes or rhomboid, with a hard, glossy, and thick outer layer

Question 32

location of ganoid scales

Answer 32

more primitive bony fish like gars, sturgeons, and bichirs

Question 33

function of ganoid scales

Answer 33

provide extra protection and ahve a more rigid structure making them less flexible

Question 34

structure of ganoid scales

Answer 34

- made of bone - enamel-like outer layer - heavy and durable

Question 35

appearance of ganoid scales

Answer 35

- shiny, armor-like look - more rigid

Question 36

- supports the gills - provide a framework for the gill filaments - typically four on each side of the head

Answer 36

gill arches

Question 37

how many arches are typically on each side of the head

Answer 37

4

Question 38

- covers gill arch - made of thin, flat layers called lamellae - where gas exchange occurs

Answer 38

gill filaments

Question 39

thin, flat layers that make up gill filaments

Answer 39

lamellae

Question 40

- bony plate that covers the gills - protects the gill filaments and help control the flow of water

Answer 40

operculum

Question 41

- comb-like structures on the gill arches - filter out debris and food particles before it passes over the gill filaments

Answer 41

gill rakers

Question 42

where does the water exit through after oxygen has been absored

Answer 42

operculum

Question 43

when is the origin and early evolution of bony fish

Answer 43

silurian-devonian period (~420-360 mya)

Question 44

earliest bony fish likely evolved from what

Answer 44

placoderms (armored jawed fish)

Question 45

when did bony fish diversify into two major groups

Answer 45

Devionian period (age of fishes)

Question 46

two major group of bony fish

Answer 46

1. Class Sarcopterygii 2. Class Actinopterygii

Question 47

class that are ancestors of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

Answer 47

Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)

Question 48

dominant group of fish today

Answer 48

Class Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fish)

Question 49

when did the rise of ray-finned fish happen

Answer 49

carboniferous-permian period (~360-250 mya)

Question 50

where did early actinopterygians live

Answer 50

freshwater

Question 51

key adaptations for succes of Actinopterygians

Answer 51

1. ray-supported fins 2. swim bladder 3. efficient jaw and skull structures

Question 52

ray-supported fins of actinopterygians

Answer 52

provided better maneuverability than fleshy fins

Question 53

swim bladder of actinopterygians

Answer 53

imporved buoyancy control with minimal energy

Question 54

efficient jaw and skull structures of actinopterygians

Answer 54

enables to adapt to various feeding strategies

Question 55

became less common, but some adapted to land, leading to the evolution of tetrapods

Answer 55

Sarcopterygians (lobe-finned fish)

Question 56

began adapting to shallow water and land environments

Answer 56

- Tiktaalik and other - tetrapodomorphs

Question 57

when did "The Great Dying" happen

Answer 57

end of Permian Period

Question 58

- was the most severe mass extinction in Earth's history - wiped out about 90-96% of marine species and 70-75% of terrestrial species - caused by massive volcanic eruptions, which released huge amounts of CO2, triggering severe global warming, ocean acidication, and habit destruction - ray-finned fish survived and thrived, eventrually becoming the most dominant fish group in both freshwater and marine ecosystems

Answer 58

The Great Dying (~250 mya)

Question 59

how many marine species and terrestrial species were wiped out in the great dying

Answer 59

- 90-96% marine species - 70-75% terrestrial species

Question 60

cause of the great dying

Answer 60

massive volcanic eruptions

Question 61

survived the great dying and thrived in the post-extinction world

Answer 61

ray-finned fish

Question 62

when did telesot appear

Answer 62

mesozoic era (~250-66mya)

Question 63

- highly advanced group of ray-finned fish - appeared and quickly became dominant

Answer 63

teleosts

Question 64

key adaptations for success of teleosts

Answer 64

1. advanced jaw structure and feeding adaptations 2. flexible fins for better swimming 3. ligher and more adaptable skeleton

Question 65

when did bony fish continued to diversify, adapting oto marine and freshwater environments worldwide

Answer 65

cenozoic era (66mya-present)

Question 66

how many species ostechthyes exist today

Answer 66

30,000 species