Book 1/4 P2

Question 1

Falsifiability

Answer 1

The principle that a theory cannot be considered scientific unless it admits the possibility of being false

Question 2

Inductive reasoning

Answer 2

Starts with an observation, ends in drawing a conclusion of theory

Question 3

Deductive reasoning

Answer 3

Starts with an existing theory and ends in an experiment to confirm or deny theory

Question 4

Empiricism

Answer 4

An empirical method collects data from direct experiences

Question 5

Aim

Answer 5

What you are trying to achieve

Question 6

Hypothesis

Answer 6

Specific prediction of what you will find

Question 7

Null hypothesis

Answer 7

A hypothesis which predicts no significant effect or relationship between variables

Question 8

Directional (one-tailed) hypothesis

Answer 8

A hypothesis which specifies a direction (..WILL BE..)

Question 9

Non-directional (two tailed) hypothesis

Answer 9

A hypothesis which doesn’t specify the direction of the difference or relationship

Question 10

Operationalisation

Answer 10

Making the variables more specific (IV- groups, DV- measure)

Question 11

Objective

Answer 11

Research which is based on facts

Question 12

Subjective

Answer 12

research based on peoples personal feelings and opinions (not on facts)

Question 13

Meta analysis

Answer 13

A research method which uses secondary data and summarises it

Question 14

Generalisability

Answer 14

The extent to which findings from an investigation can be applied to the population

Question 15

Pilot study

Answer 15

A small scale trial investigation that tests some or all aspects of the experiment

Question 16

Extraneous variables

Answer 16

any variable that you’re not investigating that can affect the outcome of your results

Question 17

Participant variables

Answer 17

The individual characteristics of each participant that could affect study results (e.g. mood, intelligence)

Question 18

Demand characteristics

Answer 18

Cues that might indicate study aims to participants

Question 19

Social desirability bias

Answer 19

Participants give answers to questions that they believe will make them look good to others

Question 20

Researcher variables/ investigator effects

Answer 20

When a researcher intentionally influences the outcome of the study

Question 21

Single blind procedure

Answer 21

Participants are not informed about aims or hypotheses of the study

Question 22

Double blind procedure

Answer 22

Both the participants and the researchers are unaware of the specific aims or conditions of the study

Question 23

Reliability

Answer 23

The consistency of the results (if the results remain similar over multiple attempts the research will consider it reliable)

Question 24

Inter-observer reliability

Answer 24

measures the degree of agreement between different people observing or assessing the same thing

Question 25

External reliability

Answer 25

A measure of how well a study produces the same results across time and between individuals

Question 26

Split half reliability

Answer 26

Where are tests are split in two in the scores for each half of the test is compared with one another

Question 27

Test-retest reliability

Answer 27

A measure of how consistent a tests results are when the same test is taken by the same people more than once

Question 28

Validity

Answer 28

The accuracy of a test or study

Question 29

Temporal validity

Answer 29

The measure of how well the findings of the study can be applied across time

Question 30

Population validity

Answer 30

The extent to which the findings of a study can be applied to a larger group of people

Question 31

Ecological validity

Answer 31

A measure of how well studies results can be applied to the real world

Question 32

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 32

He open the first psychology laboratory in 1879 and used it to study the human mind using a technique called introspection

Question 33

Introspection

Answer 33

Wundts method for trained participants to report conscious experiences. This method involves examining personal thoughts and emotions. Wundt ask the participants to focus on a stimulus while reporting their experience by breaking down the thoughts into separate elements (sensations, feelings and images)

Question 34

Structuralism

Answer 34

Wundts theory: breaking down mental processes into the most basic components

Question 35

structure of the mind- FREUD

Answer 35

Unconscious, preconscious and conscious

Question 36

structure of personality- FREUD

Answer 36

ID, ego and superego

Question 37

Oedipus complex- Boys

Answer 37

Freuds concept that a child has a sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and rivalry with the parents of the same sex boys attraction to mother and rivalry with father Boys experience, castration anxiety

Question 38

Electra complex

Answer 38

The girls attraction to their fathers and rivalry towards mothers Girls experience penis envy