Book 2/4 P2

Question 1

Lab experiment

Answer 1

An experiment that has high control, taken place in a controlled environment

Question 2

Quasi experiment

Answer 2

Groupings of the event that are naturally occurring (males & females) taken place in a controlled environment

Question 3

Natural experiment

Answer 3

You study naturally occurring phenomenon (e.g. flood)

Question 4

Field experiment

Answer 4

An experiment in a natural environment (e.g home, workplace)

Question 5

Repeated measures design

Answer 5

all participants take part in all conditions. Their own results in each condition are compared against each other.

Question 6

Independent measures design

Answer 6

Participants only take part in one condition. The groups results in each condition are compared against each other.

Question 7

Matched pairs design

Answer 7

Each participant is matched with another participant who they share variables with (e.g. age and gender) They are then both placed in different conditions than their results are compared

Question 8

Naturalistic observation

Answer 8

A research method used to accurately, observe and record behaviour in the environment where it normally occurs

Question 9

Controlled observation

Answer 9

A research method where researchers watch participants in a controlled environment, such as a laboratory

Question 10

Covert observation

Answer 10

Where the research is undercover and the participants are unaware that they are being observed

Question 11

Overt observation

Answer 11

Where participants know that they are being observed

Question 12

Participant observation

Answer 12

A research method where the researcher immerses (becomes a member) in a particular social setting or group. They then observe the behaviours of participants.

Question 13

Non-participant observation

Answer 13

Observing participants without actively participating

Question 14

Structured observation

Answer 14

A preplanned observation where an event is observed in a natural setting and recorded by an independent researcher

Question 15

Unstructured observation

Answer 15

A method of observation without a pre-defined plan

Question 16

Event sampling

Answer 16

Observation of target behaviours

Question 17

Time sampling

Answer 17

A data collection method where a researcher records behaviours that occur during a time interval

Question 18

Closed question

Answer 18

A question that the participant can answer yes or no to

Question 19

Open question

Answer 19

A question that allows a participant to answer freely without a fixed response

Question 20

Forced/fixed choice

Answer 20

Types of survey questions that require respondents to select a response from a set of options

Question 21

Likert scale

Answer 21

A rating scale used to measure opinions, attitudes, or behaviours

Question 22

Semantic differential

Answer 22

A measure that uses a rating scales to measure attitudes towards concepts and objects

Question 23

Rating scale

Answer 23

A set of categories designed to obtain information about a quantitative or qualitative source (e.g 1 is poor, 10 is excellent)

Question 24

Strengths of questionnaires

Answer 24

Cheap, and quick way to gather a large amount of data

Question 25

Weaknesses of questionnaires

Answer 25

lack generalisability

Question 26

Structured interview

Answer 26

A data collection method that relies on making questions in a set order collect data on a topic

Question 27

Semi structured interview

Answer 27

A data collection method that relies on asking questions within a predetermined framework

Question 28

Unstructured interview

Answer 28

A data collection method that relies on asking participants questions to collect data on a topic

Question 29

Classical conditioning

Answer 29

Where a behaviour is learnt through association. Behaviourist approach- Pavlov- dog

Question 30

Operant conditioning

Answer 30

A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behaviour

Question 31

Repression

Answer 31

Pushing something/ someone away

Question 32

Projection

Answer 32

When you push your feelings onto someone else

Question 33

Denial

Answer 33

Where you dont accept things

Question 34

Strengths of classical conditioning

Answer 34

Reductionism- more scientific and observable behaviours are tested in lab conditions, and this enhances scientific credibility

Question 35

Strength of operant conditioning and classical conditioning

Answer 35

Determinism- (our behaviour is determined by things such as previous experience and genetics)

Question 36

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 36

Learning through someone else going through processes and getting a award

Question 37

Social learning theory

Answer 37

Where you learn through the observation of other peoples behaviours

Question 38

Retention

Answer 38

Whether we remember the behaviour

Question 39

Motor reproduction

Answer 39

Whether we are able to perform the behaviour

Question 40

Modelling

Answer 40

When an observer imitates a role model or when a person produces a specific behaviour

Question 41

Identification

Answer 41

A person changes their public behaviour but only when they are in the presence of a group they are identifying with