book Flashcards
(242 cards)
1
Q
how many phonemes are in the english language?
A
44
2
Q
onset
A
the beginning consonant or consonant blend
3
Q
rime
A
includes the syllable’s vowel and it’s remaining consonants
4
Q
phonics
A
the study of the relationship between the spoken sounds in words and the printed letters that correspond to those soundsaka letter sound correspondence ^
5
Q
a teacher says “hat” and instructs the students to produce the sounds that they hear in the word. Which strategy is the teacher using to build phoneme awareness?a. phoneme blendingb. phoneme deletionc. phoneme segmentationd. phoneme substitution
A
c. phoneme segmentationthe strategy of phoneme segmentation requires students to separate the phonemes in a word
6
Q
root
A
typically derived from latin or greek and establish the bases of new words
7
Q
affix
A
added to words or roots to change their meaningsconsist of prefixes, added to the beginning of a word or root, and suffixes, added to the end of the word or root
8
Q
use roots and affixes to determine the meaning of the underlined word: monograph most nearly meansa. a mathematical conceptb. a written study of a single subjectc. an illness caused by a virusd. a boring piece of art
A
b. a written study of a single subjectthe prefix mono means one, and the root word graph means written
9
Q
use roots and affixes to determine the meaning of the underlined word: my sister is a polyglot, and comfortably travels all over the worlda. a person who speaks many languagesb. a person who loves to travelc. a person who is extremely intelligentd. a person who is unafraid of new places
A
a. the prefix poly means many and the suffix -glot means in a language or tongue
10
Q
reading fluency is composed of what three factors?
A
rate, accuracy, and prosody
11
Q
reading rate
A
the speed and fluidity with which a student can readdetermined by the number of words read correctly per minute or the length of time
12
Q
reading accuracy
A
refers to a student’s reading ability to recognize or decode words correctly
13
Q
prosody
A
encompasses the range of vocal expressions a reader uses when reading aloudit includes rhythm, intonation, and stress patterns
14
Q
which of the following is an example of prosody?a. using appropriate vocal clues when reading aloudb. decoding words correctly when reading aloudc. reading at an appropriate speed when reading aloudd. reading smoothly and steadily when reading aloud
A
a. using appropriate vocal clues when reading aloud
15
Q
what is an inference based on?a. facts and specific examples in the textb. details of the text and the reader’s knowledge of the topic of the textc. understanding the author’s purpose d. understanding the author’s tone
A
b. details of the text and the reader’s knowledge of the topic of the textin order to read between the lines, readers must use their own knowledge as well as draw on the information provided
16
Q
what is one way students could determine the central idea of a text?a. by summarizing the passageb. by crossing out all irrelevant detailc. by highlighting all sentences that mention the main topicd. by identifying the main points and deciding which one is supported by all of the points and details
A
d. by identifying the main points and deciding which one is supported by all of the points and details
17
Q
text leveling (complexity) is determined by what three factors?
A
quantitative measuresqualitative measuresreader and task considerations
18
Q
quantitative measures
A
include readability scores determined by computer algorithms that evaluate text elements such as word frequency and sentence length
19
Q
qualitative measures
A
include analysis of text elements such as structure, language clarity, and knowledge demands
20
Q
reader and task considerations
A
determined by the professional judgement of educators who match texts to particular students, classes, and/or tasks on their inherent needs
21
Q
which of the following is true of quantitative measures of text complexity?a. they are task considerations determined by professional judgementb. they are analytical measurements determined by knowledge demandsc. they are statistical measurements determined by computer algorithmsd. they are leveling measurements determined by text structure
A
c. they are statistical measurements determined by computer algorithmsquantitative measures are objective and based on statistics
22
Q
which of the following can be classified as persuasive writing?a. an advertisement for a new productb. a research paper on the effects of climate on ecosystemsc. a poem about the ocean on a foggy dayd. a short story with a suspenseful plot
A
a. an advertisement for a new productpersuasive writing aims to influence to the reader to agree with what is state and to act accordingly
23
Q
which of the following elements shapes each paragraph in the writing task?a. the thesisb. the topic sentencec. the drafting staged. the outline
A
b. the topic sentencethe topic sentence for each paragraph introduces the ideas that the paragraph will discuss
24
Q
primary sources
A
original materials that are representative of an even, experience, place, or time period
25
secondary sources
inform about events, experiences, places, or time period, but the information is provided by someone who was not directly involved and who used primary sources to discuss the material
26
which of the following is considered a reliable source for research about california?a. a personal blog about living in californiab. a research paper published by the state of californiac. an advertisement for california real estated. a letter to the editor about california roadways
b. a research paper published by the state of californiaa published study by a government institution is a reliable research source
27
choose the correct verbyesterday, I (laid/lay) on the couch for hours
lay
28
choose the correct verbwe (sat/set) the ladder upright
set
29
choose the correct verbthe egg was (rising/raising) in the water as it boiled
rising
30
list all of the adjectives used in the following sentence"Her camera fell into the turbulent water, so her frantic friend quickly grabbed the damp item"a. turbulent, frantic, dampb. turbulent, frantic, quickly, dampc. her, turbulent, her, frantic, dampd. her, the, turbulent, her, frantic, the, damp
d. her, the, turbulent, her, frantic, the, dampd. turbulent, frantic, and damp are adjectives; her is modifying first camera and then friend; and the is always a limiting adjective- the definite article
31
list all of the pronouns used in the following sentence"Several of the administrators who had spoken clearly on the budget increase gave both of the opposing committee members a list of their ideas"a. several, of, theirb. several, who, bothc. several, who, both, theird. several, both
b. several, who, bothseveral is an indefinite plural pronoun; who is a relative pronoun introducing the adjectival clause who had spoken clearly on the budget increase; both is an indefinite plural pronoun
32
prepositional phrase
begins with a preposition and ends with an object of the preposition
33
verb phrase
is composed of the main verb along with its helping verbs
34
noun phrase
consists of a noun and its modifiers
35
appositive phrase
a particular type of noun phrase that renames the word or group of words that precedes itusually follow the noun they describe and are set apart by commas
36
verbal phrases
begin with a word that would normally act as a verb but is instead filling another role within the sentencecan act as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs
37
complex sentence
has two or more independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
38
compound-complex sentence
has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
39
what is the LCM of the numbers 10 and 12?a. 2b. 24c. 60D. 120
c. 60write out the multiples for each number10: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 6020: 12, 24, 36, 48, 60
40
cardinal directions
north, east, south, and west
41
intermediate directions
between each point
42
middle latitudes
from latitudes 23.5 to 55.5 north and southhave a greater variety of climates, determined more by proximity to water than by the exact latitude
43
high latitudes
from latitudes 66.5 north and south of the polesare home to two climates: tundra and taiga
44
low latitudes
from the equator to latitudes 23.5 north and south, have three distinct climates
45
tundra
features extremely cold and long winters
46
which of the following are major physical regions in the continental United States?a. humid continental, humid subtropical, Mediterranean, marine, desertb. humid continental, humid subtropical, taiga, tundra, Mediterranean c. humid continental, Mediterranean, marine, taiga, tropical rainforestd. the sun belt, the bible belt, the coasts
a. humid continental, humid subtropical, mediterranean, marine, desertthese are all major physical regions in North America
47
which of the following is not an example of human geography?a. studying the importance of trade among Central American countriesb. examining regional differences in cuisine around the worldc. studying the distribution of fauna and flora in North Americad. deciding whether to build retail outlets based on local population
c. studying the distribution of fauna and flora in North Americastudying only fauna and flora is physical geography; the geographer is not studying human interactions with or impact on the Earth
48
socialization
the process where individuals learn skills, beliefs, values, and behavior patterns of society and how these can influence their own norms and customs
49
primary socialization
occurs when children learn the values, actions, and attitudes that are appropriate for members of their particular culture
50
secondary socialization
occurs when an individual learns the appropriate values, actions, attitudes, and behaviors as a member of a smaller group within a larger society
51
what are three major forms of social interactions?a. culture, counterculture, and subcultureb. celebrations, language, and belief systemsc. government, schools, and businessesd. cooperation, exchange, and conflict
d. cooperation, exchange, and conflictthese are the three primary forms of social interaction
52
Sumerians
emerged in the near East (eventually expanding into parts of Mesopotamia)developed cuneiform, the earliest known example of writing to use characters as wordscuneiform allowed advanced government and administration
53
the Code of Hammurabi
in the 18th century BCE, king Hammurabi developed courts and this early codified rule of lawmeted out justice on an equal basis- "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth"
54
Mandate of Heaven
under the Zhou dynasty, China developed this conceptstates that the emperor had a divine mandate to rule, based on an understanding that the land was divinely inherited
55
according to Confucianism, an ideal societya. is based on respect for authority and wisdom, making harmonious interaction a priorityb. allows respectful debate and discussion to encourage learning and the development of wisdomc. encompasses a diverse group of people, to gather wisdom from different culturesd. values hierarchy and enforces a caste system
a. is based on respect for authority and wisdom, making harmonious interaction a priorityconfucious taught others to respect authority (filial piety) and encouraged group harmony
56
During the pax romana, the mediterranean region was all of the following except:a. experiencing a period of relative stability under roman ruleb. a center of commercial activityc. ruled by augustus caesard. under the control of a powerful Senate
d. under the control of a powerful Senateafter julius caesar took power from the Senate, Rome was ruled by a powerful emperor
57
Pax Romana
period of stability in the Mediterranean regionrome reached the height of its powerrome controlled the entire mediterranean region, europe, and much of the middle east and northern africa
58
in feudal Europe, the serfs werea. enslaved by the lords and the knightsb. bonded to the land and under the protection of the lordsc. forced to fight for the lordsd. able to eventually purchase their freedom from the knights in exchange for support fighting
b. bonded to the land and under the protection of the lordsserfs were bonded to the land- they had to work it for the lord- however, the lord was obligated to protect thempeasants, not slaves
59
while the crusade enriched Europe in many ways, it did nota. bring new knowledge to the Westb. result in lasting land gainsc. provide religious indulgences for crusadersd. offer the opportunity to gain personal wealth
b. result in lasting land gainseuropean powers controlled some areas in the Levant but only temporarily
60
the kingdom of mali developed due to itsa. control of the trans-Saharan trade routesb. ability to repel Islamic influences from the Northc. control over gold and salt resourcesd. control all of the trans-Saharan slave trade
c. control over gold and salt resources
61
russia built its empire bya. strengthening its navy to colonize overseasb. overland expansion, moving eastward into Asia and Siberia, and westward into Europec. remaining isolated, avoiding expansion, and focusing on industrialization insteadd. converting Asian peoples from Islam to Russian Orthodox Christianity
b. overland expansion, moving eastward into Asia and Siberia and westward into EuropeRussia expanded to the East, taking control of Siberia. Russia also moved westward, controlling parts of Eastern Europe
62
which of the following was a result of the rise of the Ottoman Turks?a. Christian Byzantines left Constantinople for Western Europe, bringing classical learning with themb. The ottomans were able to conquer large areas, establishing a vast Islamic empirec. the Ottomans represented an Islamic threat to European Christendomd. all of the above
d. all of the above
63
major influences on the European Renaissance includeda. cultural discoveries in North Americab. African music and culturec. the ideas of the Greek Orthodox Churchd. scientific knowledge from the Islamic empires
d. scientific knowledge from the Islamic empiresscience and technology from the middle east during the crusades helped inspire the Renaissance
64
slaves were originally brought to the americas as part of the triangular trade in order to do all of the following excepta. work on cotton plantationsb. work on sugar plantationsc. work in colonists' homesd. work in textile factories
d. work in textile factoriesfactories developed during the industrial revolution, and so were not present in the colonies while the slave trade was active
65
in south america, how was the inca empire able to consolidate its power?a. they used military tech to conquer neighboring peoplesb. they converted people to their own religion, gaining followers and loyal subjectsc. they used their mastery of high altitude transportation to expand their empired. they grew their empire of bringing in migrants from other parts of south america
c. they used their mastery of high altitude transportation to expand their empireadvanced transportation in high altitude terrain enabled the inca military to range widely throughout the Andes
66
the power of the catholic church was diminished during the Reformation due toa. its unwillingness to protect the indigenous people of the americasb. the discoveries of the scientific revolutionc. the growth of islam in western europed. its failure to capture the holy land during the crusades
b. the discoveries of the scientific revolutionthe scientific revolution, humanism, and logic brought into question church teachings long regarded as fact, undermining church power
67
which of the following best describes the motivation for the reformer martin luther?a. he originally sough to develop a new form of christianity separate from the catholic churchb. he tried to reform the catholic church because he was unhappy with its teachings and its corruptionc. he was influenced by european political leaders, who used him to limit the power of the churchd. he used to topple the catholic church, but believing it to have become too corrupt
b. he tried to reform the catholic church because he was unhappy with its teaching and its corruptionmartin luther and his followers opposed corruption in the church and wanted changes
68
which of the following led to the french revolution?a. food shortages, heavy taxation of the peasants and bourgeoisie, and Enlightenment thoughtb. the rise of Napoleon and militarization of French culturec. the congress of vienna and shifting diplomatic alliances in Europed. the concentration of power under the monarchy that resulted from the reign of Louis XIV
a. food shortages, heavy taxation of the peasants and bourgeoisie, and Enlightenment thoughtthe peasants and bourgeoisie were dissatisfied with bearing the brunt of a heavy tax burden; meanwhile, poor harvests led to food shortages and panic in rural areas. these factors, along with englightenment thought and recent revolutions elsewhere, spurred the French revolution
69
during the 1884 Berlin Conference, European imperial powersa. negotiated trade agreements with important Chinese citiesb. established Apartheid in south africac. determined which parts of africa would be controlled by which european powersd. formed the triple alliance
c. determined which parts of africa would be controlled by which european powersthe 1884 berlin conference determined the division of africa among the European imperial powers. this was done without regard for or consultation with Africans
70
the Meiji Restoration wasa. a Japanese attempt to restore traditional Japanse cultural practicesb. a period of modernization and westernization in Japanc. the early stage of Japanese imperialism in Asia, where it invaded Koread. a cultural movement in Japan to restore Shintoism and traditional poetry
b. a period of modernization and westernization in Japanthe meiji restoration was a period of industrialization and westernization in Japan
71
according to adam smith, in a free marketa. the government does not interfere with the economyb. workers own the means of productionc. wages and private property have been abolishedd. a dictatorship is necessary to maintain a strong economy
a. the government does not interfere with the economyin laissez-faire (or free market) theory, the government lets the invisible hand of the market correct problems in the economy
72
while the beginning of the second world war is usually understood to be hitler's invasion of poland, some scholars date it to even earlier. which of the following events do some scholars identify as the beginning of WWII?a. the rape of nanjingb. the japanese takeover of koreac. the japanese invasion of manchuriad. the chinese civil war
c. the japanese invasion of machuriagiven japan's role as an axis power and the conflict in East asia, some historians believe that WWII began with Japan's invasion of manchuria in 1931
73
which of the following happened to jewish people under the nazi regime?a. their homes and businesses were attacked and destroyedb. they were forced to live in ghettoes, overcrowded neighborhoods with poor living conditionsc. they were sent to concentration camps and murderedd. all of the above
d. all of the above
74
what was going on in Egypt around 2500 BCE
their civil institutions, administrative structure, written language art, and architecture were all becoming well developedthe religious framework of ancient egypt had become established, with a complex mythology of various godsalso developed astronomy and the twenty-four hour system of measuring timethe famous pyramids were erected at Giza
75
the burial tombs in egypt were for who?
hatsheptsutthutmose IIIakhenatenramesses II
76
____ architecture influenced many civilizations in the Western world
egyptian
77
shang dynasty
first known dynasty in chinaemerged around the second millenium BCEdeveloped the earliest known chinese writing- helped unite chinese-speaking people all throughout the regionfeatured the use of bronze technology, horses, wheeled technology, walled cities, and more
78
zhou dynasty
after the shangchina developed the mandate of heaven under this dynastyconfucious lived toward the end of this dynasty
79
qin dynasty
(221-206 BCE)after zhou?characterized by central administration, expanded infrastructure, standardization in weights and measures, writing, currency, and strict imperial controlestablished by the first emperor Qin Shihuangdifoundation of Chinese administration in the 20th century
80
Qin Shihuangdi
the administrative bureaucracy was established by him and it was the foundation of Chinese administration until the 20th centuryconstructed the Great Wall of Chinatomb is guarded by famous terracotta figurines
81
Golden Age
athens was the strongest of many political bodies, and much of greece was unified under athens following the peloponnesian war between athens and spartamuch of hellenic art, architecture, and philosophy emerged- including the parthenonsocrates began teaching philosophy and later influenced plato and aristotle
82
Julius Caesar
popular military leader widely supported by the Populare (the people)the roman people wanted a more democratic republicthe senate weakened due to its own corruption and JC, forced them to give him controlbegan to transition rome from a republic to what would become an empire consolidated and centralized imperial controlwas assassinated in 44 BCE
83
Augustus Caesar
JC nephew, previously known as Octavianeventually gained control in 27 BCEbecame the first roman emperorrome reached the height of its power and the mediterranean region enjoyed a period of stability known as the Pax Romana
84
Pax Romana
period of stability in the Mediterranean rome controlled the entire Mediterranean region, Europe, and much of the Middle East and North AfricaLatin literature flourished, as did art, architecture, philosophy, mathematics, science, international trade, etc
85
Middle Ages
aka Dark Agesfall of Rome to about the 10th centuryunstable, chaotic, and unsafeany protection and stability was represented and maintained by the Catholic church and feudal system
86
feudalism
a hierarchy where land and protection were offered in exchange for loyalty
87
which of the following is an example of cross-cultural comparison?a. a chef studies variations in a recipe that are based on the diner's preference for sweetsb. a thai husband learns different holiday traditions from his wife, who is chinesec. students compare the prices of groceries in different citiesd. a career coach helps clients determine their goals
b. a thai husband learns different holiday traditions from his wife, who is Chinesereviewing different holiday celebrations exemplifies studying different cultures
88
all of the following contributed to the destruction of Native American populations in North America except:a. colonists overuse of natural resources such as bison and timberb. transfer of small pox from Europeans to Native Americansc. violent conflict over land and resources between Europeans and Native Americansd. geographical displacement by colonists
a. colonists overuse of natural resources such as bison and timbercolonists use of natural resources had little impact on the size of the Native American population
89
the intolerable acts included all of the following except:a. the boston port actb. the quartering actc. the alien and sedition actsd. the massachusetts government act
c. the alien and sedition actsthe alien and sedition acts were implemented through john adam's administration
90
what advantage did the colonists have over the british in the american revolution?a. vast financial wealthb. superior weaponryc. strong leadership and knowledge of the terraind. a professional military and access to mercenaries
c. strong leadership and knowledge of the terrainthe colonial military did have strong leaders, and an intimate knowledge of the terrain, having been born there
91
what did the missouri compromise accomplish?a. it admitted missouri as a free stateb. it admitted california as a free statec. it allowed slavery in new mexico and utah to be decided by popular soverigntyd. it banned slavery north of the thirty-sixth parallel
d. it banned slavery north of the thirty-sixth parallelthe missouri compromise prohibited slavery north of the thirty-sixth parallel in the new US territories, permitting slavery in missouri
92
which of the following effectively repealed the missouri compromise?a. the dred scott decisionb. the compromise of 1850c. the kansas-nebraska actd. the fugitive slave act
c. the kansas-nebraska actthis act allowed slavery north of the thirty-sixth parallel throughout the plains and the western territories which the missouri compromise had previously forbidden
93
what assets did the confederacy have during the civil war?a. the confederacy had superior weaponry and production resourcesb. the confederacy maintained brisk trade with Europe, enabling it to fund the warc. the confederacy benefited from strong military leadership and high moral among the populationd. the confederacy's strong infrastructure allowed it to transport supplies and people efficiently throughout the south
c. the confederacy benefited from strong military leadership and high moral among the populationthe confederacy had excellent miltary leaders, and much of the population strongly believed in the right of the states to make decisions without federal interference
94
in the emancipation proclamation, president lincoln declared an end to slavery....a. in kentucky and missourib. in the union onlyc. in slave states that had not seceded from the uniond. in the rebel states
d. in the rebel statesthe emancipation proclamation feed the slaves in the confederacy
95
the reconstruction acts..a. immediately improved conditions for African Americans in the southb. immediately benefitted the Southern economyc. were widely considered fair in congress and by the southernersd. imposed northern military control over the south
d. imposed northern military control over the souththe reconstruction acts effectively placed the south under martial law
96
even after the end of slavery, african americans in the rural south still suffered due to..a. sharecropping, which kept them in heavy debt, often to their former "masters"b. the colored farmer's alliance, which was organized to limit their efforts to become independent farmersc. the reconstruction acts, which specifically punished southern blacks who did not join the Union armyd. labor unions, which advocated for the white workers' rights in factories in urban areas and ignored rural issues
a. sharecropping, which kept them in heavy debt, often to their former "masters"sharecropping perpetuated racial inequality in the south
97
the US entered WWI largely because of which of the following?a. the Zimmerman telegramb. the rise of the Nazi Germanyc. the assassination of Franz Ferdinandd. the attack on Lusitania
a. the Zimmerman telegramthe ZT, a German offer to assist Mexico in attacking the US, forced the US to enter WWI, following a series of other German provocations
98
during FDR's terms in office, which of the following was created?a. medicareb. social securityc. the federal reserved. all of the above
b. social securitythe social security act was part of the new deal
99
segregation was found unconstitutional by which of the following supreme court decisions?a. brown vs. board of educationb. plessy vs. fergusonc. scott vs. sanfordd. korematsu vs. US
a. brown vs. board of educationthis found that keeping races separate (in this case, in segregated schools) could not ensure that all people would receive equal treatment, and that segregation was therefore unconstitutional
100
how did martin luther king and other activists achieve civil rights for black Americans?a. through violet uprisingsb. using nonviolencec. with the help of the Soviet Uniond. by lobbying Congress only
b. using nonviolencenonviolence was a defining characteristic of the mainstream civil rights movement
101
which of the following is an example of social liberal policy enacted during the presidency of barack obama?a. the passage of an equal rights amendment to the constitutionb. the legalization of same-sex marriage throughout the USc. reduction in rates of imprisonmentd. a more equitable, progressive income tax
b. the legalization of same sex marriage throughout the USsame-sex marriage became legal in the US in 2015
102
which of the following is NOT one of the amendments in the bill of rights?a. citizens have the right to bear armsb. the senate must have equal representationc. citizens have the power of eminent domaind. the government cannot quarter troops in private homes
b. the senate must have equal representationthe bill of rights does not determine representation in congress
103
implied powers are powers thata. are specifically listed in the constitutionb. belong to the statesc. are not specifically listed but are needed to perform other listed dutiesd. exist because the United States is a sovereign nation
c. are not specifically listed but are needed to perform other listed dutiespowers that are not listed but are necessary for the functioning of the government are called implied powers. they are made possible by the elastic cause
104
which of the following terms best describes a situation in which the federal government prevents the only internet service company in a local community from raising its prices?a. economic regulationb. social regulationc. opportunity costd. scarcity
a. economic regulationin this instance of economic regulation, the gov. is controlling the prices by preventing a monopoly
105
which of the following cannot shift a demand curve?a. changes in incomeb. price of related goodsc. production costsd. consumer tastes
c. production costs can impact the supply curve, but not the demand curve
106
which of the following best descibes an independent variable?a. the amount of paint a painter needs to paint a roomb. the number of errors a student gets on a testc. the dosage and timing of an anti-inflammatory drug to test its impactd. how much time it will take to drive between Houston and San Antonio
c. the dosage and timing of an anti-inflammatory drug to test its impactthe doctor or scientist who carries out the experiment controls the timing and dose
107
which of the following are examples of primary sources?a. original photographs, first-hand newspaper reports, textbooks, and interviewsb. memoirs, original photographs, first-hand newspaper reports, and diary entriesc. speeches, newspaper reports, essays, and reviewsd. essays, reviews, textbooks, and analytical papers
b. memoirs, original photographs, first-hand newspaper reports, and diary entries
108
which of the following events contributed to the US' entry into WWII?a. germany's unrestricted submarine warfareb. the attack on pearl harborc. the battle of britainc. the battle of the bulge
b. the attack on pearl harboron dec 7, 1941, japan bombed pearl harbor, hoping to prevent the US from interfering with its intent to invade southeast Asia and other territories such as Guam and Hong Kong
109
which of the following factors might contribute to inflation?a. high interest rates and a low amount of printed currencyb. high unemployment ratesc. a decrease in supply and a low amount of printed currencyd. a decrease in supply and a large amount of printed currency
d. a decrease in supply and a large amount of printed currencyinflation occurs when prices increase. both of these factors contribute to inflation
110
luther and barbara wanted to start a business in the engineering field. they were trying to decide between hiring one staff member and using the leftover money to purchase new inventory, or hiring two staff members to increase their marketing research. these choices would be an example ofa. needsb. scarcityc. opportunity costd. supply and demand
c. opportunity costOC refers to the cost of the loss of one option when it is rejected for another (in this case, if Luther and Barbara choose to hire one staff member, they lose the marketing potential another employee would make possible, whereas if they choose to hire two, they lose the leftover money)
111
which of the following continents is located in both the Eastern and Western hemispheres?a. europeb. africac. north americad. a and b
d. a and b
112
which of the following events is recognized as the beginning of the american civil war?a. the battle of palmito ranchb. the battle of fort sumterc. the missouri compromised. the battle of yorktown
b. the battle of fort sumteron april 12, 1861, the confederate army attacked the union-controlled fort sumter in charleston, south carolina, triggering the US civil war
113
which of the following most contributed to the fall of the ancient egyptians?a. the death of cleopatrab. alexander the great conquering the landc. severe droughtsd. canaanite settlers entering egypt
a. the death of cleopatraafter the death of cleopatra, ancient Egypt became part of the roman empire
114
which of the following is most likely a lasting influence ancient romans had on modern society?a. the development of direct democracyb. the usage of columns in architecturec. the development of republican democracyd. literacy
c. the development of republican democracybefore it was an empire, rome was a republic led by senators elected to the senate
115
which of the following is not a true statement about the ancient greek civilization?a. men and women lived in different parts of a houseb. they built aqueducts to carry water to public toiletsc. greek cities had an agorad. socrates was a famous greek philosopher
b. they built aqueducts to carry water to public toiletsthe ancient romans, not the ancient greeks, built aqueducts and developed public toilets
116
which of the following terms describes the economic principle of allowing industry to grow without any government intervention?a. interdependenceb. free-market economyc. communismd. monopoly
b. free-market economyin a free-market economy, the price of goods and services are determined by sellers and consumers
117
which of the following does not describe gender roles?a. gender roles feature behaviors considered appropriate by each sex by society, which generally acknowledges only male and femaleb. there is a consensus that gender roles are socially constructedc. gender roles center on the ideas of masculinity and feminityd. prevailing gender roles have been challenged
b. there is a consensus that gender roles are socially constructedthere is a debate over the degree to which gender is defined by physical features, social and cultural expectations, or both
118
which of the following would be the most useful for studying population patterns within the state of texas over a period of time?a. a bar graph detailing population numbers over a period of thirty yearsb. a map with the number of people living in different parts of texas in the year 2000c. a photograph showing how many people were at a state faird. a bar graph detailing population percentages compared with other states
a. a bar graph detailing population numbers over a period of thirty yearsa bar graph that features the population over a number of years would help researchers analyze population patterns
119
which of the following presidents were responsible for the new deal?a. herbert hooverb. rutherford hayesc. franklin d. rooseveltd. jimmy carter
c. franklin d. rooseveltFDR supported laws that helped those unemployed and impoverished due to the Great Depression
120
which of the following is not a responsibility of the executive branch?a. approving lawsb. making lawsc. implementing lawsd. enforcing laws
b. making lawswhile the executive branch can approve them, only congress can make laws
121
which of the following describes a significant effect on the depletion of the ozone layer?a. people get darker skinb. more UV rays enter the earthc. increased skin cancer rates, build up of greenhouse gases, and increased UV levelsd. increased build-up of greenhouse gases
c. increased skin cancer rates, build up of greenhouse gases, and increased UV levels
122
which of the following constitutional amendments is NOT considered part of the bill of rights?a. the right to bear armsb. the right to address witnesses arranged by the government when on trial c. the right to equal protection under the lawd. freedom of speech
c. the right to equal protection under the lawthe bill of rights is composed of the first ten amendments. the 14th guarantees equal protection under the law
123
antitrust law strengthens market forces to prevent monopolies. Which of the following terms best describes the implementation of the antitrust law?a. social regulationb. economic regulationc. health regulationd. social security
b. economic regulationantitrust law breaks up monopolies to allow fair competition within the economy
124
which of the following is an example of human geography?a. studying climateb. studying the spread of christianity across the worldc. studying the effect of land features on animals and plantsd. studying continental movement over a period of time
b. studying the spread of christianity across the worldhuman geography studies the relationship between humans and the physical world; studying how christianity spread worldwide would need to address this relationship
125
which of the following is a positive effect of urbanization?a. increased tenement housingb. sanitary conditionsc. political machinesd. increased employment opportunities
d. increased employment opportunitiesurbanization itself is the development of urban areas due to the arrival of job seekers; employment opportunities are themselves pull factors
126
asking citizens to be civil minded and independent and making people as a whole sovereign is characteristic of..a. republicanismb. governmentc. economicsd. communism
a. republicanismrepublicanism also stresses natural rights as central values
127
a map of france shows a small box around the Nice. Nice is portrayed in greater detail in a box at the bottom. which of the following terms describes this box?a. legendb. insetc. compassd. insert
b. insetan inset features details tat are considered important on a map
128
which of the following did NOT contribute to the outbreak of the american revolution?a. the boston tea party, in which colonists threw 298 chests of tea into the seab. Britain banning further westward expansion with the proclamation of 1763c. general thomas gage ordering troops to capture thomas jefferson and samuel adamsd. charles townshend taxing glass, oil, lead, and paint
c. general thomas gage ordering troops to capture thomas jefferson and samuel adamswhile troops were ordered to capture samuel adams, they were not asked to capture thomas jefferson
129
which of the following is an event that successfully ended the cold war?a. the august coupb. the fall of the berlin wallc. the cuban missle crisisd. the success of the sputnik program
a. the august coupthis 1991 event in which members of the Soviet government attempted to take control from Mikhail Gorbachev contributed to the dissolution of the USSR, effectively ending the Cold War
130
which of the following established the concept of judicial review?a. the john peter zenger trialb. marbury v. madisonc. the dred scott cased. the scopes monkey trail
b. marbury v. madison
131
which of the following is an example of the separation of powers?a. no members of congress can serve in another branch of govb. the president cannot vote on legislationc. checks and balancesd. all of the above
d. all of the above
132
which of the following is a significant contribution of ancient china?a. mahjongb. toothbrushesc. gunpowderd. the animal zodiac
c. gunpowdergunpowder is one of the most important inventions of ancient china
133
which of the following best exemplifies a global marketplace?a. a US freelancer goes on vacation in paris and does remote work for a US clientb. a business in the united states orders parts from taiwan, india, and mexico and then assembles the final product in germanyc. a commercial website purchases inventory from chinad. appliances share a standardized electrical system
b. a business in the united states orders parts from taiwan, india, and mexico and then assembles the final product in germanya global marketplace involves the exchange of good and labor around the world
134
which of the following periods contributed to advancements of mathematics in ancient greece?a. the classical period (500-336 BC)b. the early bronze age (2900-2000 BC)c. the hellenistic period (336-146 BC)d. the archaic period (750-500 BC)
c. the hellenistic period (336-146 BC)this period in time saw advancements such as the pythagorean theorem and the calculation of the circumference of the earth
135
Fred wants to write a paper on benjamin franklin and his influence on science. He wants to include franklin's theories about electricity. Which of the following resources should he use?a. a chart depiciting what devices used electricity after the invention of the lightbulbb. an essay about the effects of lightningc. a newspaper report on Franklin's many inventionsd. a draft specific report Frank wrote on electricity
d. a draft specific report Frank wrote on electricitythis is a primary resource that delves into the thought process behind franklin's theories on electricity
136
which of the following lands was acquired during the louisiana purchase?a. the land roughly bordered by the rocky mountains, the mississippi river, and the rio grande riverb. the land roughly bordered by the rocky mountains, the mississippi river, and the northern border of modern-day Texasc. the land between the rocky mountains and the missisippi river and modern-day georgiad. the land roughly bordered by the rocky mountains and the missisippi river, and including modern-day new mexico
b. the land roughly bordered by the rocky mountains, the mississippi river, and the northern border of modern-day Texasnapolean sold this section of land in 1803 to finance his european wars
137
which of the following major events in US history led to a decline in immigration?a. the immigration act of 1965b. the immigration act of 1924 and the Great Depressionc. WWI, the great depression, and the immigration act of 1924d. the great depression only
b. the immigration act of 1924 and the Great Depression
138
which of the following was NOT a consequence of the scarcity of oil that led to the energy crisis in the 1970's?a. the president urged US citizens to heat only one room in their homes in the winterb. the automotive industry suffered as japan created more fuel-efficient vehiclesc. political leaders asked gas stations to close for one day a weekd. oil prices were high for most of the decade
a. the president urged US citizens to heat only one room in their homes in the winterthe british prime minister recommended limiting heat usage in winter; the US president did not
139
which of the following is not a responsibility of the president of the US?a. setting foreign policyb. writing legislationsc. delivering the State of the Union addressd. pardoning felons
b. writing legislationsthe president is responsible for enforcing law, not creating it
140
a sign on the freeway indicated that you are 150 miles from the city of pittsburg. this shows youra. absolute locationb. physical geographyc. geographic featured. relative location
d. relative locationthe purpose of the neutrality acts was to prevent direct and indirect US interference in armed conflict overseas
141
why did congress pass the neutrality acts?a. only to prevent the United states from loaning any money to nations at warb. to help the united states have the best chance of winning a foreign warc. to prevent the united states from engaging in civil ward. to prevent direct and indirect US involvement from foreign conflict
d. to prevent direct and indirect US involvement from foreign conflictthe purpose of the NA was to prevent direct and indirect US interference in armed conflict overseas
142
which of the following emerged during WWI?a. penicillinb. aircraft carriersc. radard. nuclear power
b. aircraft carriersthe first time an airplane flew from a ship was in 1912
143
which of the following was a method people used to prevent risk of discovery when helping slaves escape through the underground railroad?a. escape routes were usually indirect in order to confuse pursuersb. escape routes were usually direct to get slaves to freedom more quicklyc. children stayed with their mothersd. information about routes was passed along by small notes
a. escape routes were usually indirect in order to confuse pursuersroutes were indirect to thwart pursuers chasing escapees and their allies
144
which of the following historical figures was a major architect of the US constitution?a. thomas jeffersonb. george washingtonc. james madisond. patrick henry
c. james madisonmadison not only advocated the ratification of the Constitution; he had also helped to write the Federalist Papers
145
which of the following protects freedom of religion in the US?a. separation of powersb. the first amendmentc. power of eminent domaind. popular soverignty
b. the first amendmentthe first amendment protects freedom of religion, as well as freedom of speech, assembly, the press, and the right of the people to petition the government
146
which of the following amendents prevents the government from quartering troops in private homes?a. 7thb. 4thc. 3rdd. 9th
c. 3rdthe third forbids quartering troops in homes, an abuse suffered by Americans under British rule
147
a project in which students research and explore significant contributions made by their community is an example ofa. questioning onlyb. collaborationc. data interpretation onlyd. inquiry-based learning
d. inquiry-based learningin inquiry-based learning, students gather relevant sources and interpret them in order to develop their own conclusion
148
a student completes a research project on significant events of the american revolution. which of the following is an appropriate method to determine the credibility of the resources that he or she has used to conduct research?a. checking the author and date of researchb. reviewing website design and writing stylec. assuming all online resources are not credibled. reviewing website design and domain name
a. checking the author and date of researchthis helps to determine if the information is credible and up-to-date
149
which of the following were part of the New England colonies?a. New York, Connecticut, and Massachusettsb. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshirec. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New Jerseyd. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware
b. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire
150
which of the following are considered geographical features on a map?a. plains, plateaus, valleys, and mountainsb. continents, plateaus, cardinal directions, and mountainsc. bodies of water, plains, plateaus, and contriesd. plains, plateaus, areas depicting agricultural products, and mountains
a. plains, plateaus, valleys, and mountainsgeographical features depict the physical aspects of a plane on a map
151
which of the following ideas from Thomas Hobbes influenced the US Constitution?a. individual rights should take priority over collective rightsb. people should give up some of their rights and form a government to ensure order in societyc. communism is the only way to govern peopled. people should create a utopia to avoid the evils of government
b. people should give up some of their rights and form a government to ensure order in societyhobbes advocated governments creating and ensuring social order
152
which of the following examples could be used to describe the theme of respect to elementary school students?a. defending ones beliefs even when they are unpopularb. paying a parking ticketc. returning a library book on timed. foregoing an opportunity to cut a line
d. foregoing an opportunity to cut a line
153
which of the following is considered a negative consequence of the civil war?a. sharecropping in the southb, the south was forgiven for leaving the unionc. adding amendments to the constitution to address equal protection for people under the lawd. the Union helped the South rebuild roads and farms
a. sharecropping in the southsharecropping enabled landowners in the south to maintain control of former slaves
154
which of the following statements best describes reconstruction in the US after the civil war?a. debates over legalizing slavery in the US were ongoingb. during its military occupation of the South, the Union developed Black Codes to appease disaffected Southern aristocrats who had lost slavesc. Northern troops occupied the south to ensure that laws were being followed and to help reunite the country after the civil ward. President Lincoln led reconstruction efforts
c. Northern troops occupied the south to ensure that laws were being followed and to help reunite the country after the civil warduring reconstruction, there were efforts to rebuild the devastated South, which was under Union military occupation following the civil war
155
the framers instituted a system of checks and balances because they were concerned about a. one branch of government gaining too much powerb. mob rulec. the military taking over the governmentd. the states overpowering the national government
a. one branch of government gaining too much powerthe purpose of checks and balances was to prevent tyranny in any branch of the government
156
which of the following is true about the Trail of Tears?a. the trail of tears drove native americans to indian territory (later, Oklahoma) because white settlers no longer required their assistance in agricultural productionb. removal treaties were enacted fairly and peacefullyc. the indian removal act of 1831 began the forced relocation of native americans that yeard. the cherokee nation was forced to give up land east of the mississippi river during andrew jackson's presidency
d. the cherokee nation was forced to give up land east of the mississippi river during andrew jackson's presidencythis series of events happened in 1838 and 1839
157
which of these is a biome?a. desertb. cornfieldc. herd of bisond. beehive
a. deserta biome is a large ecological community that includes specific plants and animals.
158
what is the name of the phenomenon when a star suddenly increases in brightness and then disappears from view?a. aurorab. galaxyc. black holed. supernova
d. supernovabefore a star collapses, the star burns brighter for a period of time and then fades from view. this is a supernova
159
what term describes the resistance to motion caused by one object rubbing against another object?a. inertiab. frictionc. velocityd. gravity
b. frictionfriction occurs when motion is impeded because one object is rubbing against another object
160
which plant orbits closest to earth?a. mercuryb. venusc. jupiterd. saturn
b. venusvenus's orbit is closest to Earth. Venus is the second planet from the Sun and Earth is the third planet from the Sun
161
which tool is used to measure the mass of an object?a. a thermometerb. a graduated cylinderc. a balanced. an abacus
c. a balance
162
which organism has cells that contain mitochondria?a. whaleb. mushroomc. tulipd. all of the above
d. all of the above
163
which condition can be diagnosed by an electrocardiogram (EKG)?a. diabetesb. torn ligamentsc. cancerd. tachycardia
d. tachycardiatachycardia is an abnormally fast heartrate, and electrocardiograms show the electrical activity of the heart
164
what is an example of mechanical weathering?a. calcium carbonate reacts with water to form a caveb. an iron gate rustsc. tree roots grow under the foundation of a house and cause cracksd. bananas turn brown after they are peeled
c. tree roots grow under the foundation of a house and cause cracksmechanical weathering includes breaking a substance down without changing the composition of the substance
165
what are the negatively charged particles inside an atom?a. protonsb. neutronsc. electronsd. ions
c. electronselectrons are negatively charges particles in an atom; electrons orbit the nucleus
166
organisms in the same class are also in the same ____a. phylumb. orderc. genusd. species
a. phyluma kingdom is the largest group of living things. a kingdom is then subdivided into progressively smaller groups in the following order: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species (KPCOFGS: Keep Pots Clean or Family Gets Sick)
167
which type of rock forms when lava cools and solidifies?a. igneousb. sedimentaryc. metamorphicd. sandstone
a. igneousigneous rock form when liquid rock cools and solidifies
168
which unit measures pressure?a. kilometersb. gramsc. grams per secondd. pounds per square foot
d. pounds per square foot
169
which organism regulates its body temperature externally?a. lobsterb. dolphinc. whaled. pelican
a. lobsterthe metabolic rate of crustaceans is too low to regular their temperature. crustaceans use behavioral techniques, such as moving to shallow water, to maintain body temperature.
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which organism is a decomposer?a. apple treesb. mushroomsc. goatsd. lions
b. mushroomsmushrooms are fungi. fungi break down organic material left by dead animals and plants, making them decomposers
171
which pH level is classified as a base?a. 2b. 4c. 6d. 8
d. 8bases have a pH between 7 and 14
172
which body system is responsible for the release of growth hormones?a. digestive systemb. endocrine systemc. nervous systemd. circulatory system
c. endocrine system
173
which example illustrates physical change?a. water becomes iceb. batter is baked into a cakec. an iron fence rustsd. a firecracker explodes
a. water becomes icewhen water changes form, it does not change the chemical composition of the substance. once water becomes ice, the ice can easily turn back into water
174
which energy source is nonrenewable?a. waterb. windc. coald. sunlight
c. coalcoal is nonrenewable because once coal is burned, it cannot be quickly replaced
175
how long does it take the earth to rotate on its axisa. one hourb. one dayc. one monthd. one year
d. one dayearth takes approx. 24 hours to rotate on its axis
176
which organism is a reptile?a. crocodileb. frogc. salamanderd. salmon
a. crocodilereptiles like crocodiles have scaly skin, are hatched from eggs on land, and are cold-blooded. amphibians are frogs (or salamanders) that are hatched from eggs in water, have gills but develop lungs, and become land animals as they mature
177
by what process do producers make sugars and release oxygen?a. digestionb. chloroplastc. decompositiond. photosynthesis
d. photosynthesisdescribes the process by which plants convert the energy of the sun into stored chemical energy (glucose)
178
which type of wave is a longitudinal wave?a. surface waveb. light wavec. sound waved. electromagnetic wave
c. sound wavessound waves are longitudinal because the vibrations travel in the same direction as the energy
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which example demonstrates refraction?a. rainbowb. echoc. mirrord. radio
a. rainbowthe light of the sun hits rain droplets and bends into a band of colors. the bending of waves is refraction
180
which factor is an abiotic part of an ecosystem?a. producersb. consumersc. waterd. decomposers
c. waternonliving things in an ecosystem, like air and water, are abiotic factors
181
what term describes a relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits to the detriment of the other organism?a. mutualismb. parasitismc. commensalismd. predation
b. parasitism
182
which organelle makes proteins?a. mitochondriab. cytoplasmc. vacuoled. ribosomes
d. ribosomesmitochondria: release chemical energy from glucose to be used by the cellcytoplasm: provides support to the cellvacuole: stores water
183
which statement is true?a. earth is much closer to the sun than it is to the other starsb. the moon is closer to venus than it is to Earthc. a certain times of the year, Jupiter is closer to the sun than Earth isd. mercury is the closest planet to earth
a. earth is much closer to the sun than it is to the other starsthe sun is the only star in our solar system. the sun is about 93 million miles away from Earth; the next closest star is about 25 trillion miles away
184
which metal attracts magnets?a. ironb. copperc. silverd. gold
a. iron
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which example demonstrates electrostatic attraction?a. items in a car continue to move forward when the car stops suddenlyb. tides are affected by the moonc. the moon revolves around Earthd. plastic wrap sticks to a person's hand
d. plastic wrap sticks to a person's handelectrostatic force is an attraction between charged surfaces
186
in which part of a plant does photosynthesis take place?a. the rootsb. the stemc. the leavesd. the flower
c. the leavesthrough photosynthesis, leaves use the sun's energy to convert carbon dioxide into glucose (food)
187
which example has the least amount of kinetic energy?a. a plane flying through the skyb. a plane sitting on the runwayc. a ladybug flying toward a flowerd. a meteorite falling to Earth
b. a plane sitting on a runwaysomething that is not moving has zero velocity; therefore it has no kinetic energy.
188
which of the following is caused by geothermal heat?a. geysersb. glaciersc. tsunamisd. tornadoes
a. geysersgeysers are caused by geothermal heating of water underground
189
which term describes space weather?a. supernovab. black holec. volcanic lighteningd. solar flares
d. solar flaressolar flares are huge explosions on the sun. space weather refers to conditions in the solar system that could potentially affect the work of astronauts in space and cause auroras on earth
190
which gas is found in large quantities in Earth's atmosphere?a. carbon monoxideb. brominec. nitrogend. flourine
c. nitrogennitrogen makes up 78% of the earth's atmosphere
191
which term describes an element?a. atomb. moleculec. protond. ion
a. atom
192
which statement is true?a. mass and weight are the same thingb. mass is affected by gravitational pullc. weight is affected by gravitational pulld. mass is related to the surface area of an object
c. weight is affected by gravitational pull
193
when earth moves between the moon and the sun, it is called a a. solar eclipseb. lunar eclipsec. black holed. supernova
c. lunar eclipse
194
which element is most common in the universe?a. carbonb. lithiumc. potassiumd. titanium
a. carboncommon element found in every organic compound and in the atmosphere of some planets
195
which storm is least likely to form over ocean water?a. hurricaneb. typhoonc. cycloned. tornado
c. tornadoestornadoes form when warm air masses collide with cold air masses over land
196
which substance can be used to neutralize an acid spill?a. sodium bicarbonateb. citric acidc. cat litterd. water
a. sodium bicarbonate
197
which gas is produced by burning fossil fuels?a. heliumb. oxygenc. nitrogend. carbon dioxide
d. carbon dioxideCD is formed when fossil fuels containing carbon are burned. Excess carbon dioxide is responsible for global warming
198
a warm air mass moving into a cold air mass is called a a. warm frontb. cold frontc. isobard. tornado
a. warm front
199
which of the following is NOT a cause of extinction?a. poor reproductionb. climate changec. habitat conservationd. over-exploitation by humans
c. habitat conservationHC restores the natural habitat of organisms, protecting a species
200
which term describes the top layer of the Earth's surface?a. stratosphereb. lithospherec. atmosphered. biosphere
b. lithosphere
201
what term describes the speed and direction of a moving soccer ball?a. velocityb. momentumc. massd. energy
a. velocity velocity is the speed of an object in a certain direction
202
which substance is a good thermal conductor?a. plasticb. rubberc. porcelaind. aluminum
d. aluminumaluminum is a good thermal conductor because heat energy can easily move through it
203
which example demonstrates body systems working together to maintain homeostasis?a. Jessica's tracheotomy opened a breathing obstructionb. Max's muscles, tendons, and ligaments allow his joints to bendc. Kevin's bones thicken from an excessive production of growth hormonesd. Stacy shivers from the cold
d. stacy shivers from the coldhomeostasis refers to the body systems working together to ensure that temperature, pH, and oxygen levels are optimal for survival. Sensors in Stacy's nervous system trigger her muscular system to shiver in an attempt to warm her body
204
what is the primary role of amino acids in cells?a. break down carbohydratesb. break down fatsc. build proteinsd. filter waste
c. build proteinsribosomes make proteins by building amino acid chains
205
what part of the atom flows through a circuit to power a lightbulb?a. protonsb. neutronsc. electronsd. nucleus
c. electronselectrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that exist outside the nucleus of an atom. a power source forces moving electrons through a circuit
206
what term is used when the moon moves between the earth and the sun?a. aurorab. lunar eclipsec. black holed. solar eclipse
d. solar eclipsewhen the moon moves between the earth and the sun, a solar eclipse occurs, blocking sunlight from the planet
207
which process within the rock cycle creates metamorphic rock?a. compactionb. heat and pressurec. crystallizationd. weathering
b. heat and pressureH&P change the composition of sedimentary rock to create metamorphic rocks
208
what is NOT a characteristic of a mineral?a. naturally occurringb. organicc. solidsd. crystalline structure
b. organica mineral is inorganic; only a rock may be composed of organic material
209
the magnitude of an earthquake refers to itsa. powerb. energy releasec. destructive abilityd. depth
b. energy releasethe magnitude of an earthquake refers to the energy released during the earthquake
210
the rhythmic movements of water caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun are calleda. tidesb. currentsc. glaciersd. waves
a. tidestides, the rise and fall of the ocean level at shorelines, are caused by the moon and sun
211
which characteristic generally increases as altitude increases in the troposphere?a. temperatureb. pressurec. densityd. none of the above
d. none of the abovetemperature, pressure, and density all decrease as altitude increases
212
which layer of the atmosphere absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the suna. the mesosphereb. the stratospherec. the troposhered. the thermosphere
b. the stratosphereit contains a sublayer called the ozone layer, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun
213
enzymes are an example of which type of macromolecule?a. lipidsb. nucleic acidsc. carbohydratesd. proteins
d. proteinsan enzyme is protein that catalyzes a reactionlipids: fatsnucleic acid: contain DNA and RNAcarbohydrates: sugars
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the chromosomes of a eukaryotic organism are found in the a. chloroplastb. nucleusc. ribosomed. cytoplasm
b. nucleusthe nucleus is the organelle that carries the DNA of eukaryotic organisms
215
a distinct difference between a plant cell and an animal cell is the presence ofa. ribosomesb. mitochondriac. cell walld. nucleus
c. cell walla plant cell is enveloped by a cell wall, but animal cells do not have cell walls
216
mitosis produces two daughter cells that each have ____ number of chromosomes in the parent cella. a quarter of theb. half of thec. the samed. double the
c. the samemitosis creates daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
217
which of the following is true of cellular respiration?a. two molecules of ATP are produced during electron transportb. thirty-four molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysisc. thirty-four molecules of ATP are produced during the Krebs cycled. thirty-eight molecules of ATP are produces during the entire process of cellular respiration
d. thirty-eight molecules of ATP are produces during the entire process of cellular respirationa total of 38 are produced: two molecules from glycolysis, two molecules from the Krebs cycle, and thirty-four from electron transport
218
photosynthesis takes place in which organelle of a photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisma. nucleusb. chloroplastc. ribosomed. endoplasmic reticulum
b. chloroplastthe chloroplast houses the photosynthetic machinery
219
the process of organisms with advantageous traits surviving more often and producing more offspring than organisms without these advantageous traits describe which basic mechanism of evolution?a. gene flowb. genetic driftc. mutationd. natural selection
c. natural selectionthe mechanism of NS is rooted in the idea that there is variation in inherited traits among the population of organisms that there is differential reproduction as a result
220
which of the following is NOT a form of reproductive isolation that could lead to sympatric speciation?a. behavioral isolationc. mechanical isolationc. temporal isolationd. habitat isolation
d. habitat isolationsympatric speciation occurs to populations within the same habitat
221
which of the following taxonomic ranks is the most specific, consisting of organisms that only interbreed with one another?a. phylumb. speciesc. genusd. population
b. speciesspecies is a principal taxionomic rank
222
what is the primary function of the respiratory system?a. to create sound and speechb. to take oxygen into the body while removing carbon dioxidec. to transport nutrients to the cells and tissue of the bodyd. to act as a barrier between the body's organ and foreign pathogens
b. to take oxygen into the body while removing carbon dioxideoxygen intake and carbon dioxide disposal are the primary functions of the respiratory system
223
which muscular organ processes food material into smaller pieces and helps mix it with saliva?a. pharynxb. tonguec. diaphragmd. stomach
b. tongue
224
the primary function of the root system is to a. anchor the plantb. prevent water lossc. deliver nutrients to all parts of the plantd. absorb water and nutrients from the soil
d. absorb nutrients from the soilthe roots primarily exist to continually grow towards water ad absorb it and other nutrients
225
which of the following is an evolutionary advantage of the angiosperms, giving them the competitive edge over other groups of plants?a. broad leaves that absorb more sunlight for photosynthesisb. the ability to be perennial, living and growing year after yearc. fruit that nourishes the developing seedd. flowers that attract pollinators, ensuring more successful plant fertilization
d. flowers that attract pollinators, ensuring more successful plant fertilizationthe attractive nature of the flower encourages animals to pollinate the plant
226
which organism is a primary consumer?a. mushroomb. cornc. cowd. lion
c. cowcows eat plants but do not eat other animals; therefore, cows are primary consumers.lions eat other consumers, which makes them a secondary or tertiary consumer
227
which of the following terrestrial biomes is tropical, dominated by grasses, and has poor soil?a. taigab. estuaryc. chaparrald. savanna
d. savannaa savanna is a tropical grassland with nutrient-poor soil
228
an atom has 5 electrons and 12 protons. what is the total charge of the atom?a. -17b. -7c. +7d. +17
c. +7this atom has a total charge of -5e+ 12e= 7e
229
which type of chemical reaction takes place when kerosene reacts with oxygen to light a lamp?a. oxidationb. neutralizationc. combustiond. convection
c. combustioncombustion is a chemical reaction that produces carbon dioxide and water. burning lamp oil (fuel) is combustion
230
the state of matter at which particles are most loosely packed isa. liquidb. gasc. solidd. plasma
b. gasgas is the state of matter in which atomic particles are most loosely packed, and the greatest amount of space exists among atoms
231
the rate at which velocity changes isa. powerb. forcec. displacementd. acceleration
d. acceleration
232
a box sliding down a ramp experiences all of the following forces EXCEPTa. tensionb. frictionc. gravitationald. normal
a. tensiontension is the force that results from objects being pulled or hung
233
which type of potential energy is stored in a compressed spring?a. chemical potential energyb. electric potential energyc. gravitational potential energyd. elastic potential energy
d. elastic potential energy
234
which process allows the transfer of heat to occur from the contact between two substances?a. conductionb. convectionc. radiationd. sublimation
a. conductionconduction is the transfer of heat from the contact of a solid or liquid to another solid or liquid
235
which measurement describes the distance between crests in a wave?a. amplitudeb. wavelengthc. frequencyd. period
b. wavelengthwavelength is the length of each cycle of the wave, which can be found by measuring between crests
236
two negative charges are held t a distance of 1 m from each other. When the charges are released, they willa. remain at restb. move closer togetherc. move farther apartd. move together in the same direction
c. move farther apartthe two charges are both negative, so they will repel each other and move apart
237
which medical technology can be used to detect cancerous tumors?a. MRIb. defibrillatorc. EKGd. patient monitor
a. MRIMRI stands for magnetic resonance imagine and is used to observe organs and internal structures
238
which is a nonrenewable natural resource?a. waterb. windc. coald. sun
c. coalcoal is a nonrenewable resource that comes from the remains of plants that lived in swamps millions of years ago
239
which step should students take before making a hypothesis in a scientific experiment?a. interpret datab. make a graphc. researchd. do the experiment
c. researchthey need to do research before making a reasonable and testable hypothesis
240
evolution is an example of which of the following?a. theoryb. lawc. hypothesisd. fact
a. theoryevolution is a scientific theory, which is a set of explanatory ideas sustained by evidence through repeated experiments and observations
241
which of the following is the variable in a scientific investigation that is manipulated by the researcher in order to test the hypothesis?a. controlb. experimentalc. dependentd. hypothetical
b. experimentalexperimental variables, aka independent variables, are the variables that are changed by the scientist
242
which tool measures the volume of an object?a. thermometerb. graduated cylinderc. balanced. barometer
b. graduated cylinder
