ss combined

Question 1

Rights of a citizen in a democracy

Answer 1

• Freedom to express yourself.- Freedom to worship as you wish.- Right to a prompt, fair trial by jury.- Right to vote in elections for public officials.- Right to apply for federal employment requiring U.S. citizenship.- Right to run for elected office.- Freedom to pursue “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

Question 2

Responsibilities of a citizen in a democracy

Answer 2

NAME?

Question 3

United States Constitution

Answer 3

A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed. It was drafted by the Constitutional Convention and later supplemented by the Bill of Rights and other amendments.

Question 4

Declaration of Independence

Answer 4

The fundamental document establishing the United States as a nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. The declaration was ordered and approved by the Continental Congress and written largely by Thomas Jefferson.

Question 5

Gettysburg Address

Answer 5

A speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. Lincoln was speaking at the dedication of a soldiers’ cemetery at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg.

Question 6

Mayflower Compact

Answer 6

The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony.

Question 7

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 7

The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, as a war measure during the American Civil War, directed to all of the areas in rebellion and all segments of the executive branch (including the Army and Navy) of the United States.

Question 8

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 8

An amendment to the United States Constitution, adopted in 1868. It was primarily concerned with details of reintegrating the southern states after the Civil War and defining some of the rights of recently freed slaves.

Question 9

Westward Expansion

Answer 9

the populating (by Europeans) of the land within the continental boundaries of the mainland United States, a process that began shortly after the first colonial settlements were established along the Atlantic coast.

Question 10

Industrialization

Answer 10

The process in which a society or country (or world) transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services.

Question 11

The Great Depression

Answer 11

the economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.

Question 12

Louisiana Purchase

Answer 12

The purchase by the United States from France of the huge Louisiana Territory in 1803. President Thomas Jefferson ordered the purchase negotiations, fearing that the French, then led by Napoleon, wanted to establish an empire in North America.

Question 13

Manhattan Project

Answer 13

The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada.

Question 14

Vietnam War

Answer 14

a conflict, starting in 1954 and ending in 1975, between South Vietnam (later aided by the U.S., South Korea, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand, and New Zealand) and the Vietcong and North Vietnam.

Question 15

American Revolution

Answer 15

the war between Great Britain and its American colonies, 1775–83, by which the colonies won their independence.

Question 16

Cultural diversity

Answer 16

the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society

Question 17

Cultural diffusion

Answer 17

is the spread of cultural items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages etc.—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another

Question 18

Cultural adaptation

Answer 18

is the process of ensuring your message, whether translated into another language or not, is presented using cultural references and role models that your intended audience will identify with

Question 19

Acculturation

Answer 19

is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group

Question 20

Opportunity cost

Answer 20

the loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen

Question 21

Three-Fifths Compromise

Answer 21

was a compromise reached between delegates from southern states and those from northern states during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention. The debate was over if, and if so, how, slaves would be counted when determining a state’s total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes. The issue was important, as this population number would then be used to determine the number of seats that the state would have in the United States House of Representatives for the next ten years, and to determine what percentage of the nation’s direct tax burden the state would have to bear

Question 22

Truman Doctrine

Answer 22

the principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War

Question 23

Tariffs

Answer 23

A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers

Question 24

Gettysburg Address

Answer 24

the notable short speech made by President Lincoln on November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the national cemetery at Gettysburg, Pa.

Question 25

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 25

The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, as a war measure during the American Civil War, directed to all of the areas in rebellion and all segments of the executive branch (including the Army and Navy) of the United States

Question 26

The Trail of Tears

Answer 26

The route along which the United States government forced several tribes of Native Americans, including the Cherokees, Seminoles, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Creeks, to migrate to reservations west of the Mississippi River in the 1820s, 1830s, and 1840s

Question 27

where are the himalayas located? what is the name of the highest point?

Answer 27

Asia- Nepal, india china, Pakistan, and BhutanHighest point: Everest

Question 28

where are the andes mountains located? what is the name of the highest point?

Answer 28

South America- Argentina, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Columbia, VenezuelaPeak: Aconcagua

Question 29

where are the alps located? what is the name of the highest point?

Answer 29

Europe- France, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Austria, Germany, Slovenia, and LiechtensteinPeak: Mount Blanc

Question 30

where are the rocky mountains located? what is the name of the highest point? why are they significant?

Answer 30

left side of the US: 3,000 miles north-to-south from new mexico, across the US into Montana, and well into CanadaPeak: Mount ElbertLongest mountain range in north America and second longest in the worldSmaller mountain ranges within include:-Big horn mountains, the front range, the Wasatch mountains, and the bitterroot range-National parks: yellowstone, rocky mountain, grand teton, and glacier

Question 31

where are the appalachians located? what is the name of the highest point? why are they significant?

Answer 31

right side of the US- east coast; from northern Alabama to maineSmaller mountain ranges within include:-Smoky mountain, blue ridge mountains, green mountains, white mountains, Longfellow mountains, and the Berkshires

Question 32

where are the sierra nevada mountains located? what is the name of the highest point? why are they significant?

Answer 32

west coast of the US; mostly in cali and some in NevadaPeak: mount whitneyHome to yosemite national park and lake tahoe

Question 33

what are the names of the 5 great lakes?

Answer 33

(from left to right)SuperiorMichiganHuronEerieOntario

Question 34

what are some of the geographical features that effected Napoleon and Hitler’s attempts to invade Russia?

Answer 34

(Hitler invaded Russia in WWII)Very poor road networkInclement weatherVery poor agricultural base

Question 35

what is the panama canal? why is it important?

Answer 35

o Connects the pacific and atlantic oceans48 miles longImportant for international maritime tradeConstruction of the canal began in 1881 by France-There were engineering problems and too many people were dying due to disease-Construction stopped until the US took over in 1904 and it took 10 years to complete-The canal allowed ships to travel more safely and in half the time-In 1999 the Panamanian gov took control of the canal -Is one of the 7 wonders of the modern world-Many prospectors used this canal during the California gold rush

Question 36

who is alexander the great? why is he important?

Answer 36

King of Macedonia (southeast Europe) from 336 to 323 BCHe united Greece, reestablished the Corinthian League and conquered the Persian EmpireBecame king of Persia, Babylon and Asia, and created Macedonian colonies in the region

Question 37

what were the Europeans motives for early exploration of North America?

Answer 37

Wealth and ReligionHowever, motives were different for Spanish, French, and English explorers, but all wanted to find the Northwest PassageNP: direct and efficient route to the Orient- home of spices, silks, and wealth-All wanted to lay claim to new land to expand their empires

Question 38

what were the three groups of Europeans during the early exploration of North America?

Answer 38

spanishfrenchenglish

Question 39

what were the spanish’s motives during early exploration of North America?

Answer 39

In search of mineral wealthLooking for El Dorado, city of goldAspired to spread Christianity

Question 40

what were the french’s motives during early exploration of north america?

Answer 40

Also wanted to spread Christianity and find a new route by water to the east through North America

Question 41

what were the english’s motives during early exploration of north america?

Answer 41

Motivated by a desire to colonize as much of the Americas as possible to add to the ever-increasing British Empire

Question 42

why is christopher columbus important?

Answer 42

Sailed from Palos, Spain in search of a route to Asia and the Indies, instead- found the New World- the AmericasHis journey marked the beginning of centuries of transatlantic colonizationMade 4 trips across the atlantic ocean

Question 43

what were the three regional identities during the colonial era?

Answer 43

new englandmid-atlantic/middlesouthernall relied on each other for certain items or skills

Question 44

what were some of the characteristics of the new england people during the colonial era?

Answer 44

Primarily religious reformers and separatistsSeeking a new way of life to glorify God and for the greater good of their spiritual lifeHad skilled craftsman in the industry of shipbuildingFirst specialized in nautical/boating equipment- region later developed mills and factoriesEnvironment is ideal for water-powered machinery

Question 45

what were some of the characteristics of the mid-atlantic/middle people during the colonial era?

Answer 45

Welcomed people from various and diverse lifestylesPresented a diverse workforce of farmers, fisherman, and merchantsHad rich farmland and moderate climateMore suitable place to grow grain and livestock than new EnglandEnvironment was ideal for small to large farmsCoastal lowlands and bays provided harbors- were able to provide trading opportunities where the three regions meet in market towns and cities

Question 46

what are some characteristics of the southern people during the colonial era?

Answer 46

Were established as economic ventures and were seeking natural resources to provide material wealth to the mother country and themselvesPrimarily agricultural with few cities and limited schoolsHad fertile farmlands which contributed to the rise of cash crops (rice, tobacco, and indigo)Plantations developed as nearly subsistent communitiesSlavery allowed wealthy aristocrats and large landowners to cultivate huge tracts of land

Question 47

what was the first permanent english colony founded in America?

Answer 47

Jamestown, VirginiaFounded as America’s first permanent English colony in 160713 years before Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in Mass. Founded by the Virginia Company of London, a group of investors who hoped to profit from the ventureJohn Smith was the colony’s leader

Question 48

what were the new england colonies?

Answer 48

Connecticut ColonyThe Colony of Rhode Island and Providence PlantationsMassachusetts Bay ColonyThe Province of New Hampshire

Question 49

what is the french and indian war?

Answer 49

North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years’ WarBegan in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763-Peace treaty between the US and Britain that ended American Revolutionar WarProvided Great Britain with enormous territorial gains in North America, but fights over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war’s expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American RevolutionThe war was enormously expensive and british gov attempted to impose taxes on colonists to help cover these expenses and resulted in increasing colonial resentment of british attempts to expand imperial authority in the coloniesThe british also attempted to limit western expansion by colonists and inadvertent provocation of a major indian war further angered the British subjects living in the American colonies—–all led to colonial rebellion and a full-scale war for independence

Question 50

what was the slave trade?

Answer 50

Africans were the immigrants to the british new world that had no choice in their destinations or destinies

Question 51

what were some of the reasons for the declaration of independence?

Answer 51

July 4, 1776Explained to the whole world that the 13 british colonies were seeking to start their own country-Britain was taxing and mistreating the coloniesStated that the American colonies would no longer be a part of Great Britain and would form their own countryListed the colonists’ thoughts about freedom and what government should be like and the reasons why they thought the British were being unfair

Question 52

what were some of the major battles during the war for independence?

Answer 52

Battle of Monmouth (June of 1778)Battle of King’s Mountain (October of 1780)Battle of Fort Ticonderoga (May of 1775)Battle of Cowpens (January of 1781)Battle of Saratoga (October of 1777)Battle of Bunker Hill (June of 1775)Battle of Fort Washington (November of 1776)Battles of Trenton and Princeton (Winter of 1776-77)Battle of Yorktown (October of 1781)-Last great battle of American revolutionary warBattles of Lexington and Concord (April of 1775)-The first battle of the revolutionary war

Question 53

articles of confederation vs. the us constitution

Answer 53

Two most prominent documents to manifest during the American revolutionary warAOC-First successful effort of organizing and mobilizing the 13 colonies of the US-Gave the original colonial powers some added leverage in handling diplomatic affairs, including negotiating land deals with foreign governments-Established a unicameral legislature-Voting power was delegated to the states based on committees and each state* had one vote in the AOCUS Constitution-Adopted in 1789, replacing the AOC permanently-Created checks and balances between the three branches of government-Enumerated the relationship of the federal government and the states-Established the bill of rights-Eventual bicameral system -voting: allowed for a single vote for each legislative representative-created the executive branch of government, establishing a figurehead department of the government -did more to centralize authority in a single political entity, rather than rely on the more lax union created by the AOC

Question 54

bill of rights

Answer 54

First 10 amendments of the constitutionWritten by James MadisonList several prohibitions on governmental power, in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties

Question 55

founding the nation: two political parties

Answer 55

federalists and anti-federalists

Question 56

federalists

Answer 56

Advocated for a strong national governmentArgued that the constitution did not need a bill of rights because the people and states kept any powers not given to the federal governmentThe constitution as it stood only limited the government and not the people

Question 57

anti-federalists

Answer 57

Wanted power to remain with state and local governmentsHeld that a bill of rights was necessary to safeguard individual libertyWithout the bill of rights, the people would be at risk of oppression

Question 58

western expansion: war of 1812

Answer 58

Aka: the second part of the American Revolutionary WarPresident was James MadisonAmerican Congress declared war against Great Britain three decades after the Treaty of Paris bc of these three factorsThe british were capturing ships and forcing American citizens to serve in their navy and army (impressment)Great Britain was holding territory by having troops and forts in the Northwest territoryThe US wanted land but Britain had troops were the Indians were, and they became friends with one another so they did not leaveThe battle of new Orleans was the last battle of the warServed as a turning point in the history of the young republicThe US developed a more distinctly American fashion after the War of 1812

Question 59

western expansion: monroe doctrine (of 1823)

Answer 59

Best known U.S. policy towards the western hemisphereCornerstone of US foreign policy enunciated by President James MadisonSeparates spheres of European and American influenceDeclared that the Old World and New World had different systems and must remain in different spheresUS promised to stay out of European business and told the Europeans to stay out of the Western Hemisphere’s businessFour main points:-The US would not interfere in the internal affairs of or the wars between European powers-The US recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies and the dependencies in the Western Hemisphere-The Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization-Any attempt by a European power to oppress or control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the US

Question 60

western expansion: manifest destiny

Answer 60

Held that the US was destined- by God, as advocated believed- to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continentLouisiana Purchase-Thomas Jefferson kicked off the country’s westward expansion in 1803 with this-High birth rate and brisk immigration, the US population exploded in the first half of the 19th century-This rapid growth, alongside two economic depressions, drove millions of americans westward in search of new land and new opportunitiesTexas Independence-Cries for the “re-annexation” of Texas increased after Mexico, having won its independence from Spain, passed a law suspending US immigration into Texas in 1830-It’s new leaders sought to join the US and ended up doing itBy the time Texas was admitted into the Union, the idea that the US must inevitably expand westward, all the way to the Pacific Ocean, had taken firm hold among people from different regions, classes, and political persuasionsThe phrase “Manifest Destiny” emerged as the best-known expression of this mindsetA treaty between Great Britain and the US partially resolved the question of where to draw the Canadian border, but left open the question of the Oregon TerritoryAs president, Polk wanted to issue resolved and his administration agreed to a compromise whereby Oregon would be split aklong the 49th parallel, narrowly avoiding a crisis with BritainBy the time the Oregon question was settled, The US had entered into an all out war with Mexico, driven by the spirit of the manifest destiny

Question 61

causes of the civil war

Answer 61

Industry vs. Farming-Economies of many northern states had moved away from farming to industry-The southern states had maintain a large farming economy and this economy was based on slave labor-The north no longer relied on slaves but the south did heavilyStates Rights-There had been arguments about how much power the states should have vs. how much power the governmet should have since the constitution-The southern states felt that the fed. Gov was taking away their powers and rightsSlavery-The heart of much of the south’s issues- relied on slavery for labor to work in the fields-Many people in the north believed that slavery was wrong and evil- they were called abolitionists and wanted slavery to be illegal-^this made south fearful that their way of life would come to an endBleeding Kansas-First fighting over the slavery issue-The gov passed the Kansas-Nebraska act allowing the citizens of Kansas to vote on whether they wanted to be a slave state or a free state and the region was flooded with supporters on both sides-They fought over this issue for years-Eventually entered as a free stateAbraham Lincoln-The final straw for the south was AL becoming president-He was a member of the new anti-slavery republican party -South felt that since he was against slavery he was against the south tooSecession-When AL was elected, many southern states decided they no longer wanted to be apart of the US and that they had every right to leave-11 states would eventually leave the US and form the Confederate States of America-AL said that they did not have the right to leave the US and sent in troops to stop the south from leaving-The Civil War begunReconstruction-The union victory in the civil war may have given 4 million slaves their freedom, but the process of rebuilding the south during the reconstruction period introduced lots of challenges-New southern state legislatures passed restrictive “black codes” to control the labor and behavior of former slaves and other African Americans

Question 62

what is reconstruction?

Answer 62

The union victory in the civil war may have given 4 million slaves their freedom, but the process of rebuilding the south during the reconstruction period introduced lots of challengesNew southern state legislatures passed restrictive “black codes” to control the labor and behavior of former slaves and other African Americans

Question 63

early battles of the civil war

Answer 63

Fort SumterFirst ManassasShilohSecond ManassasAntietam

Question 64

radical reconstruction

Answer 64

Newly enfranchised blacks gained a voice in government for the first time in American history, willing election to southern state legislatures and even to the U.S. CongressRadical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whitesAlso believed that the confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil WarAt the heart of their beliefs was the notion that blacks must be given a chance to compete in a free-labor economy

Question 65

the end of reconstruction

Answer 65

 The compromise of 1877An informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 US presidential election. Resulted in the US fed government pulling the last troops out of the south and ending the reconstruction era

Question 66

industrialization

Answer 66

 The development of machine production of goods and new energy resources

Question 67

positive effects of industrialization

Answer 67

Job opportunitiesNew machinery increased production speeds of goods and gave people the opportunity to transport raw materialsLed to urbanization-The movement of people into cities and city buildingWestern world went from rural and agricultural to urban industrialSteam engine-Provided cheap movement of goods through waterways- canals were built so resources could be transported with easeRailroad systemRoad transportationRaised the standards of living

Question 68

negative effects of industrialization

Answer 68

Urban areas grew tremendously, leading to overcrowding in citiesFactory work was dirty and dangerousLarge populations caused many health problems- unsanitary cities and disease filled streetsBosses strictly disciplined employees and treated them harshly- were underpaid and overworked Child laborFatigue and illness

Question 69

causes of the great depression

Answer 69

The stock market crashBanking panics and monetary contractionThe gold standard-As the US experienced declining output and deflation, it tended to run a trade surplus with other countries bcause americans were buying fewer imported goods, while American exports were relatively cheap-Such imbalances gave rise to significant foreign gold outflows to the US, which in turn threated to devalue the currencies of the countries whose gold reserves had been depletedDecreased international lending and tariffs-The US economy was still expanding, lending by US banks to foreign countries fell, partly because of the relatively high US interest rates-The drop off contributed to contractionary effects in some borrower countries, whose economies entered a downturn even before the beginning of the Great Depression in the US-American agriculture also suffered

Question 70

the stock market crash

Answer 70

The stock market went under a historic expansion in the 1920’s Prices rose to unprecedented levels and investing in the stock market seemed like an easy way to make moneyEven people out of ordinary means used much of their disposable income or even mortgaged their homes to buy stockBy the end of the decade, 100’s of millions of shares were being carried on margin-Meaning that their purchase price was financed with loans to be repaid with profits generated from ever-increasing share pricesOnce prices began to decline, many shareholders fell into a panic and rushed to liquidate their holding, exacerbating the decline and engendering further panic

Question 71

the new deal

Answer 71

Was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by FDR that aimed to restore prosperity to AmericansHe acted to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief to those who were sufferingOver the next eight years, the gov instituted a series of experimental programs and projects that aimed to restore some measure of dignity and prosperity to many AmericansIt fundamentally and permanently changed the federal `government’s relationship to U.S. citizens

Question 72

monroe doctrine

Answer 72

 Best known U.S. policy towards the western hemisphere Cornerstone of US foreign policy enunciated by President James Madison Separates spheres of European and American influence Declared that the Old World and New World had different systems and must remain in different spheres US promised to stay out of European business and told the Europeans to stay out of the Western Hemisphere’s business Four main points:• The US would not interfere in the internal affairs of or the wars between European powers• The US recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies and the dependencies in the Western Hemisphere• The Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization• Any attempt by a European power to oppress or control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the US

Question 73

manifest destiny

Answer 73

 Held that the US was destined- by God, as advocated believed- to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continent Louisiana Purchase• Thomas Jefferson kicked off the country’s westward expansion in 1803 with this• High birth rate and brisk immigration, the US population exploded in the first half of the 19th century• This rapid growth, alongside two economic depressions, drove millions of americans westward in search of new land and new opportunities Texas Independence• Cries for the “re-annexation” of Texas increased after Mexico, having won its independence from Spain, passed a law suspending US immigration into Texas in 1830• It’s new leaders sought to join the US and ended up doing it By the time Texas was admitted into the Union, the idea that the US must inevitably expand westward, all the way to the Pacific Ocean, had taken firm hold among people from different regions, classes, and political persuasions The phrase “Manifest Destiny” emerged as the best-known expression of this mindset A treaty between Great Britain and the US partially resolved the question of where to draw the Canadian border, but left open the question of the Oregon Territory As president, Polk wanted to issue resolved and his administration agreed to a compromise whereby Oregon would be split aklong the 49th parallel, narrowly avoiding a crisis with Britain By the time the Oregon question was settled, The US had entered into an all out war with Mexico, driven by the spirit of the manifest destiny

Question 74

legislative

Answer 74

makes lawscongress–>state–> house of reps

Question 75

executive

Answer 75

carries out lawspresident–.VP–> cabinet

Question 76

judicial

Answer 76

interprets lawssupreme court–?other federal courts

Question 77

magna carta

Answer 77

 “The Great Charter”; one of the most important documents in history as it established the principle that everyone is subject to the law, even the king, and guarantees the rights of individuals, the right to justice and the right to a fair trial King John ruled England for almost two decades and was well known for being a heavy handed ruler He would often wage unnecessary wars and burden his subjects with heavy taxes to pay for them King John begrudgingly signed the Magna Carta because he needed the barons to fight his wars and collect his taxes

Question 78

treaty of versailles

Answer 78

o The most important of the peace treaties that brought WWI to an endo Ended the state of war between Germany and the allied powers

Question 79

norman conquest

Answer 79

o The military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy, primarily effected by his decisive victory at the battle of hastings and resulting ultimately in profound political, administrative, and social changes in the British Isles

Question 80

1st amendment

Answer 80

basic liberties

Question 81

2nd amendment

Answer 81

gun

Question 82

3rd amendment

Answer 82

quartering soldiers

Question 83

13th amendment

Answer 83

abolishing slavery

Question 84

14th amendment

Answer 84

equal rights

Question 85

15th amendment

Answer 85

voting rights for blacks

Question 86

18th amendment

Answer 86

prohibition

Question 87

19th amendment

Answer 87

womens right to vote

Question 88

emancipation proclomation

Answer 88

o Executive order issued by president Lincoln freeing all slaves held in geographical areas in rebellion against the US

Question 89

topography

Answer 89

arrangement of the natural and artifical physical features of an era

Question 90

ethnography

Answer 90

scientific description of the customs of individual people and cultures