book- general pathology

Question 1

hypertrophy vs hyperplasia

Answer 1

increased cell size usually via increased hormones or functional demand

increased number of cells usually from hormones, functional demand, and persistent cell injury

Question 2

metaplasia

Answer 2

conversion of one type of tissue to another due to persistent injury

Question 3

epithelial changes in GERD

Answer 3

stratified squamous –> simple columnar

Question 4

mechanisms of reversible cell injurt

Answer 4

reduced ATP

increased anaerobic respiration (glycolysis) causing a build up of lactate and decrease in pH

failure of Na/K pump

failure of ATP-depednet calcium pump; increases intracellular calcium

decreased pH activates cell lysosomal enzyme and contribute to mitochondrial damage

fatty changes via ethanol, protein and iron malnutrition, diabetes –> mobilize FFA and have more triglycerides in liveri

Question 5

irreversible changes to cells

Answer 5

necrosis

coagulative necrosis; esp if no collateral flow (in organs with end arteries), from ischemia

liquefactive necrosis; destroy tissue by lysosomal enzymes i.e. from bacterial infection

caseous necrosis; coagulation plus liquefaction necrosis i.e. in TB granulomas (soft and cheese like tissue)

gangrenous necrosis; ischemia to lower extremity or bowel

enzymatic fat necrosis; complication of pancreatitis- enzymes activated too quick and digest pancreas; liberate fatty acids which combine with Ca2+ and makes soaps

fibrinoid necrosis: autoimmune like SLE- get deposits in tunica media of medium and small arteries of fibrinogen, complement, Igs, proteins that get calcified and impact blood flow

Question 6

gene in cancers that blocks apoptosis and immortalizes affected cells

Answer 6

bcl-2 gene

also no more p53 tumor suppressor gene

Question 7

infiltration

Answer 7

excess calcium, amyloid or fat

amyloid- protein depositions especially Igs (antibodies); stain in Congo red dye

calcium: necrotic tissues when cancer cells die, hyperparathyroid, excess vitamin D intake etc

Question 8

hemosiderin

Answer 8

yellow brown granules if iron bound to ferritin; in cytoplasm of macrophages. from transfusions, hemochromatosis, internal bleeds

Question 9

melanin

Answer 9

from oxidation products of tyrosine in melanosomes; sun exposure

Question 10

lipofuscin

Answer 10

yellow brown granules with lipid residues from lysosomal digestion

Question 11

bilirubin

Answer 11

yellow bile pigment; sodium billirubinate (soluble) or insoluble calcium salt gallstones. formed by hemoglobin in destruction of ertythrocytes. associated with jaundice

Question 12

cells and findings in acute vs chronic inflammation

Answer 12

acute: neutrophils, swelling, edema

chronic: macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, fibroblasts, new blood vessels, systemic sx, granulomas