Booklet 2- Relationships and connections

Question 1

what is meant by continuity and change?

Answer 1

• places = constantly changing
• past places more shaped by endogenous factors (socio economic , demographics, physical factors etc)
• now exogenous factors (people, money, ideas etc) have increased due to flows and globalisation
• some places change more than others, evidence of continuity (characteristics stay same) in Reigate (e.g. town hall, market place, economic function etc)
• changes often caused by actors/factors —> Reigate change e.g. types of businesses changed, flow of traffic

Question 2

factors vs actors - what is a factor (examples)?

Answer 2

e.g. war, natural disaster, events , characteristics of places which influence change or continuity, political change, migration, gentrification, urbanisation, conflict/terrorism, major sporting events, globalisation

Question 3

factors vs actors what is a actor (examples)?

Answer 3

government, TNCs, IGOs, NGOs, developers, protestors, community, religious groups, residents etc

Question 4

factors vs actors what they can do?

Answer 4

• can destroy or built buildings, increase investment, destroy memory, lossof jobs, change demographic, culture, wealth, transport/infrastructure, economic characteristics, culture beliefs, traditions, reduce poverty, stability, regeneration schemes, tariffs etc

Question 5

factors vs actors examples?

Answer 5

• wildfires affecting Paradise, California —> displacement, long term trauma, community lost, jobs etc lost, health issues from smoke, ppl that returned= community bonds, infrastructure etc destroyed and upgraded after, vegetation managements now
• New York 911
• Stratford, East London 2012 Olympic games
• COVID

Question 6

How external forces cause change and shape places?

Answer 6

Government policies (only one RGS focuses on in course)
- e.g. regeneration schemes , financial incentives for industries (subsidies, tax breaks, enterprise zones —> attract businesses, positive multiplier effect, reverse deindustrialisation etc

• govts can directly affect demographic characteristics of places e.g. china one child policy to control population
• govts affect cultural characteristics e.g. controlling immigration
  —> Germany 1960s invited Turkish ppl to Germany = aspects Turkish culture such as fast food and language now part of Germany

Question 7

what is your case study for external forces (government policies)?

Answer 7

Medellin Colombia

Question 8

Shifting flows affecting economic change- flows of money and investment?

Answer 8

• positive or negative effect
  —> reduced investment and comp from global markets = loss in primary industries = deindustrialisation
  e.g. South wales thousands jobs lost when coal mines closed 1950s
  —> more investment = positive e.g. London finance industries = high value service sector jobs = wealth

Question 9

Shifting flows affecting economic change- flows of resources?

Answer 9

• outward flow of local products /natural resources= impact local economies -> products consumed locally now sold to international exports = brings employment money e.g. Scotland (Scottish Whisky industry has grown)

Question 10

Shifting flows affecting economic change- flows of people?

Answer 10

ppl visiting changes characteristics
e.g. St Ives Cornwall used to be fishing settlement and is now a tourist destination = changes job types available
—> now more service based

Question 11

Shifting flows affecting economic change- Reigate?

Answer 11

more migration = up house demand and prices, easier access to global products (online shopping etc) BUT small businesses can’t compete with chain stores
Investment = attracts wealthy
faster internet and global connectivity = remote work

Question 12

Shifting flows affecting place demographics - flows of ideas and resources?

Answer 12

e.g. use of birth control = reduce birth rate = down population
—> LICs less likely to have birth control so fast population growth

United Nationa population fund —> spreads knowledge and ideas on birth control and supplies condoms etc to aid birth control

Question 13

Shifting flows affecting place demographics - flows of money and investment?

Answer 13

govts and businesses
e.g. invest money in specific places to attract ppl to live there (London Docklands Development etc) = improved economy and built environment = increase population in area

Question 14

Shifting flows affecting place demographics - flows of people?

Answer 14

can change age, gender balance etc
e.g. Local ppl leaving /moving away (younger) as can’t afford house in areas = leaves old ppl
e.g. International scale- migration Africa to Europe alters gender balance (now more males)

Question 15

Shifting flows affecting place demographics - Reigate?

Answer 15

young commuters, urban spread change (more ethnic diversity) etc

Question 16

Shifting flows affecting cultural characteristics - flows of money and investment?

Answer 16

• new cultural ideas e.g. fast food companies USA (Mcdonald’s) = opened restaurants in China 1980s =33 mins changed eating habits

Question 17

Shifting flows affecting cultural characteristics- flows of people

Answer 17

new ppl moving to place/visiting it bringing their culture can change place
—> UK 20th century = mass international migration =multi ethnic communities and more language spoken , food, traditions, religions etc

Question 18

Shifting flows affecting cultural characteristics- Reigate?

Answer 18

new traditions, festivals etc , media and info flows influenced music, fashion etc, more chain stores etc

Question 19

shifting flows cause social inequality - flows of people ?

Answer 19

regional migration (rural—> urban) in poor countries = change social characteristics
—> large scale rural-urban in India= slums developing (Mumbai)= low quality of life compared to wealthy residents= widening the gap

Question 20

shifting flows cause social inequality- flows of resources ?

Answer 20

outward flow natural resources from poor countries can change inequality —> e.g. Nigeria oil extractor exported around world BUT most wealth generated given to few individuals with high quality of life while many remain in poverty

Question 21

shifting flows cause social inequality- flows of money and investment?

Answer 21

• gentrification improves social characteristics BUT also increases inequalities
  —> Notting hill was one of most deprived areas now less deprivation BUT now social inequality between newcomers and existing poor residents

Question 22

shifting flows cause social inequality- Reigate?

Answer 22

• wealthier ppl entering = old residents struggle , new businesses target wealthy as goods etc more expensive = ignores poorer. Companies and shops cater to higher end tastes = less choice and essentials are more expensive

Question 23

examples of gentrification?

Answer 23

(where wealthier ppl move into an area displacing low-income existing residents)
- Brixton
- Elephant and Castle
(Heygate estate)- social houses replaced with private etc
- Silicon Roundabout, Shoreditch

Question 24

past and present connections/developments can shape places

Answer 24

e.g. connected through transport etc
- industrial revolution = large cities connected = migration (rural—> urban for work etc )
- deindustrialisation = closed factories etc, more labour moved abroad = some places shut etc
= social and economic decline
- UK now finance industry etc
—> study example = liverpool