Booklet 3

Question 1

define communism

Answer 1

a political ideology that renders everybody equal, so there is no requirement for a state.

Question 2

describe the expansion of the CCP

Answer 2

200 members in 1922 to 58,000 in 1928

Question 3

who was Adolfe Joffe?

Answer 3

a senior soviet diplomat who met SYS in 1923 to agree national unity would be important to the united front

Question 4

Who was Borodin?

Answer 4

sent to China to make the GMD like the Bolsheviks in Russia

Question 5

What military developments did the Russians make in China?

Answer 5

created Whampoa Military Academy, Chiang was appointed commandant - trained in Moscow, Zhou Enlai was political commisar

Question 6

What was the Comintern?

Answer 6

founded in 1919 by Lenin, aimed to control/promote international communism

Question 7

Who was Sneevlit?

Answer 7

founded the congresss of the CCP in 1921 - encouraged members to make links with proletariet, and encouraged cooperation with the GMD

Question 8

what did the russians agree to do?

Answer 8

surrender all russian occupied land (mongolia) that was given to the old russian monarchy

Question 9

what did the russians condemn?

Answer 9

the privileges given to western powers in Chinese ports

Question 10

who was Voitinski?

Answer 10

Russian Comintern agent who met with Chen in may 1920. organised translation of Communist Manifesto into Chinese

Question 11

what was the Bolshevik revolution?

Answer 11

the old oppressive regime was overthrown in russia in 1917.

Question 12

how much did the comintern provide per annum for the CCP?

Answer 12

$5,000

Question 13

what were the comintern demands of the CCP?

Answer 13

join with the GMD as it was better established - 1923 united front

Question 14

Why did Chiang Kai Shek replace Sun Yat Sen after he died?

Answer 14

he successfully led the northern expedition

Question 15

why did chiang turn against the communists in 1927?

Answer 15

he had ensured defeat of the warlords, wanted to support industrialists who objected to trade unions

Question 16

why was nationalist china a dictatorship?

Answer 16

quick development/ decisions

Question 17

where were the communists between 1936 and 1944?

Answer 17

ya’nan - mao is writing/ spreading maoism

Question 18

how did the communist’s ruthlessness allow them to survive?

Answer 18

1930 - purge against anyone who is moderate. 3000 officers killed who were considered to be spies

Question 19

what percentage of communists are estimated to have died on the long march?

Answer 19

80%

Question 20

how did peasants enable survival of communism?

Answer 20

intel, resources, food, recruits

Question 21

what event between in 1894 increased japanese interest in china?

Answer 21

the first sino japanese war - japan gained korea and taiwan in the treaty of Shiminoseki

Question 22

why did the russo japanese war of 1905 increase japanese interest in china?

Answer 22

confidence in military strength

Question 23

what did the japanese demand of china between 1915 and 1921?

Answer 23

all german possesions, influence in government, 50% of munitions purchased from japan.

Question 24

what did the 1919 treaty of versailles support?

Answer 24

japanese seizure of german possesions

Question 25

what were the main reasons for japanese invasion of manchuria?

Answer 25

stop spread of communism (buffer china/ussr), manchuria was not unified with china, wanted to reduce americn influence, manchurian resources, loss of american markets following wall street crash

Question 26

why was the young marshall a concern for the japanese in manchuria? (2 reasons)

Answer 26

he unified manchurian provinces with the GMD, he had wealth due to control of tianjin

Question 27

how did chiang kai shek and zhang xueliang pressurise the japanese in manchuria?

Answer 27

northeastern defence army had 400,000 troops, refused railway deals, GMD boycott of japanese imports

Question 28

describe the 1831 mukden incident.

Answer 28

japanese army acted before tokyo could prevent, blew up railway near chinese barracks, japanese army claimed it was self defence

Question 29

how did chiang kai shek respond to mukden?

Answer 29

signed away north of the great wall

Question 30

HOW and WHY did the japanese appoint Puyi as chief exeutive in manchuria?

Answer 30

How - was manchu so claim heritage for leadership Why- operate a puppet state

Question 31

when was the Washington Naval Conference and why did japanese actions go against it?

Answer 31

1922 - didn’t respect chinese sovreignity

Question 32

describe the events of the 1932 shanghai boycotts.

Answer 32

january - boycotts begin, 29/01 japan bomb chapei - high civillian mortality rate, may 1932 armistice

Question 33

4 ways the japanese secured northern power

Answer 33

attacked chinese south of the wall, bribed generals in tianjin, encouraged local resistance, radio stations sent out fake military orders to confuse

Question 34

what were the three main terms of the treaty of tanggu in may 1933?

Answer 34

hebei province would be demilitarised, right tp fly spy planes, japanese would return north of the great wall

Question 35

when do japan leave the league of nations?

Answer 35

1933

Question 36

what were the long term causes of all out war?

Answer 36

imperialism, nationalist improvments, great depression, japanese army coup, chiang kai shek's decision to not oppose japan

Question 37

what were the medium term causes of all out war?

Answer 37

national defence planning council of 1932, move vulnerable industries west, encirclement campaigns and TLM, Xian incident, CCP + GMD unite against japan, 50% spending on military

Question 38

what were the short term causes of all out war?

Answer 38

marco polo bridge incident, public sentiment, military readiness

Question 39

what was the purpose of the shanghai battle (chinese)?

Answer 39

second front against japan, force japan to attack E ---> W, delay (space fpr time), foreign publicity

Question 40

describe the chinese prep for the 1931 battle of shanghai

Answer 40

defences along yangtze, propoganda, central NRA, hidenberg line, tanks/ airforce

Question 41

describe the japanese prep for the battle of shanghai

Answer 41

3,000 naval troops, 32 off coast vessels, strongholds, tanks, anti tank artillary

Question 42

describe the chinese attack at shanghai

Answer 42

surprise ground attack, aerial attacks, accidently bombed civillians causing refugee chaos

Question 43

what was the japanes response to the shanghai attacks

Answer 43

naval and air bombardment, 200,000 troops reinforcement

Question 44

what were the results of the battle of shanghai?

Answer 44

3 months of heavy fighting, 187,000 troops lost, retreat to nanjing was poorly organised, hindenberg line destroyed in 2 weeks, media/global attention, japanese decide to march on nanjing.

Question 45

what were the affects of the rape of nanjing on civilians?

Answer 45

20-40,000 women raped, 350,000 died, american/german safety zones,

Question 46

how many died after the bombing of the yellow river dykes?

Answer 46

1/2 million

Question 47

what were the economic impacts of the war?

Answer 47

military expenses, halt in investment in infrastructure and education,

Question 48

how many japanese were defeated at tauerzhang?

Answer 48

8,000 boosting chinese morale

Question 49

how did the USA aid china BEFORE pearl harbour?

Answer 49

loans $25 - $50 million, trained pilots using economic incentive of $500 per japanese plane shot down, 1940 froze japanese assets in US banks

Question 50

what happened at pearl harbour december 1941?

Answer 50

japanese attack us military fleet at pearl harbour, because the US froze japanese assets in banks

Question 51

what did roosevelt say that legitamised Chiang's leadership?

Answer 51

he was 'as important in the war as churchill or stalin'

Question 52

how did USA help to combat the closure of the Burma Road?

Answer 52

flew supplies over the himalayas (flying tigers)

Question 53

how did the USA justify Nagisaki and Hiroshima?

Answer 53

argued that they would result in fewer casulties overall

Question 54

why was the USA intervention significant for communism?

Answer 54

CCP occupied formerly japanese areas, Dixi mission 1944 -downplayed ambitions of CCP in China.