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HS 3025 > Botanicals > Flashcards

Botanicals Flashcards

1
Q

Biologically based therapies

A

use of natural techniques to maintain health/treat diseases

  • Make use of minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, proteins, probiotics
  • May involve orthomolecular and chelation therapy
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2
Q

orthomolecular vs chelation therapy

A

Orthomolecular therapy = supplementing diet with mega doses of vitamins, minerals, enzymes, hormones, and amino acids

Chelation therapy = use of a drug to bind with and remove excess or toxic amounts of metal or minerals from the blood

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3
Q

major Biologically Based Therapy

A

botanical

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4
Q

Botanical

A

use of plants or plant parts to create scents or to develop therapeutic medicinal treatments

May include using a mixture of different herbs or a single herb

Herbal substances come from all parts of plants (roots, stalks, flowers, bark, seeds)

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5
Q

Herbs are used to ___________, ___________, ___________, and ___________

A

alleviate disease
prevent it form recurring
detoxify the body
support the immune system

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6
Q

Botanicals may be used to…

A

nutritional supplements: green tea, soy products, ginseng, Echinacea, garlic and red clover etc.

aromatherapy; provide fragrance

prescription and non-prescription drugs

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7
Q

History of Botanicals

A

60,000 Y/A: neanderthal man found with herbs
- 8 different species of plants were found at the burial site, and 7 of those are used for medicinal purposes today

5,000 Y/A: sumerians listed herbs on clay slabs

2,500 BC: Chinese book “Pen T’Sao” was written

60-80 AD: Dioscorides writes “De Materia Medica”

Early 1900s: beginning of scientific pharmacy

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8
Q

Chinese herbalism is based on the concepts of yin and yang and qi (chi) energy

yin herbs used for ____
Yan herbs used for

A

yin = cooling
yan = stimulating

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9
Q

Herbalist

A

a practitioner and contributor to the field of herbal medicine

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10
Q

Forms of Herbs

A

Crude Herbs
○ Dried, cut and sifted
Capsules & Tablets
○ Powdered, dried, or concentrated
Powders
Dried Decoctions
Tinctures
○ Concentrates or extracts made by soaking herbs in solutions (usually alcohol)
Poultice
○ Dried, grounded or powdered herb wrapped in thin cotton/wool cloth and applied to skin

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11
Q

Bulk herbs

A

harvested from an herbalist who has grown them in an herb garden or those you have grown/acquired from a health food store

(+)Allows you to learn how to process and store
(-) Cannot be sure of the level of constituents in the bulk herbs

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12
Q

Standardized herbs

A

have been processed, so a known minimum level of 1+ major active ingredients are present

(-) may be more expensive

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13
Q

_____/______ pans should not be used for brewing teas

A

Aluminium/cast iron = Metals disintegrate into the herbal preparation

*Use stainless steel, glass or ceramic

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14
Q

How Does the Government Control Herbs - Germany

A

Commissioned expert panel (German Commission E) composed of physicians, pharmacists, pharmacologists, toxicologists, and representatives of the pharmaceutical industry

  • checks herbal data independently of other drugs to determine safety and efficacy of each herb

assess data from clinical trials, field studies, case studies, and independent medical association member

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15
Q

How Does the Government Control Herbs - USA

A

FDA evaluates safety and efficacy based on data supplied by the drug manufacturer (pharmaceutical company)

**1994 - U.S. Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)

*allowed herbal products to be labeled with info including side effects, potential safety problems, contradictions

*Label cannot make statements that the herb is therapeutic or can treat/cure a disease

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16
Q

How Does the Government Control Herbs - Canada

A
  • health canada regulates natural products
  • follows Natural Health Product Regulations
    assesses all natural health products before allowing their sale
17
Q

Herbals are defined by the DSHEA as dietary supplements, described as products that:

A

○ Intended to supplement the diet
○ Contain 1+ dietary ingredients
○ Intended to be taken by mouth
Labeled as being a dietary supplement

18
Q

How the FDA Approves New Drugs and Medical Devices

A
  1. Investigational new drug application
    - Researcher submits preliminary animal and lab testing data/proposal for test on human/expected findings
    - FDA has 30 days to submit questions - delays process or allows next step
  2. Clinical Studies - 3 phases
    i. Safety, dosage, effects on body are tested on 20-80 people (~1 year)
    ii. Effectiveness and side effects are tested on 100-300 people with disease (~2)
    iii. Drug is tested on 1,000-3,000 people with disease in clinics/hospitals
    • Benefits/long-term side effects are compared
      - Marketing information (labels/warnings) are developed (~3)
    1. New Drug Application
      ○ NDA is submitted
      ○ Researchers submit applications containing all scientific data, how drug is processed, contents, packaging, samples
      ○ FDA begins 180-day approval period that can be delayed at any time for questions and additional research
      ○ FDA chemists, pharmacologists, physicians, statisticians, microbiologists, and other specialists review the NDA (~2.5)
19
Q

Safety of herbal supplements depends on many factors such as

A
  1. Chemical makeup
  2. How the herb works in the body
  3. How it is prepared
  4. Dosage
  5. Interaction with other products
20
Q

If FDA finds product unsafe =

A

take action against manufacturer, issue a warning, or remove from market

21
Q

T or F: Herbal supplements have a better safety record than pharmaceutical drugs

A

T

22
Q

many herbals May be dangerous when taken along prescription drugs

A

Gingko, garlic, ginseng, ginger, and St. John’s Wort = increase effect of prescription drug blood thinners and OTC (ibuprofen)

23
Q

FDA has issued a public health advisory concerning many interactions

A
  • Kava Kava = liver toxicity
    • Valerian = overstimulating instead of sedating
    • Garlic, Gingko, Ginger = increase risk of bleeding
    • Evening Primrose = seizures
    • St. John’s Wort = mild depression, sun sensitivity
  • Red Yeast Rice Products = kidney complications
24
Q

healthcare professionals:
____% do not recommend herbal supplements

__% reported not knowing enough about supplements to answer patient questions

_____% have not received education regarding herbal supplements

A

62%
66%
>50%

25
Q

Pharmacists’ attitudes, knowledge, or professional practice behaviors regarding herbal supplements =

A

inconsistent results

26
Q

T or F: Majority believed herbal supplements could be beneficial and that their colleagues do not accept herbal medicine

A

T

27
Q

Precautions should be taken before buying an herb for medicinal use

A
  1. Discuss with physician - in case of drug interaction
  2. Research the company producing the herbal - ensure that the ingredients listed on the label are actually in the herbal preparation
28
Q

Most Commonly Used Herbal Supplements

A
  • Hawthorne
    • St. John’s Wort
    • Milk Thistle Seed
    • Kava Kava
    • Cat’s Claw
    • Echinacea
    • Arnica
    • Creatine
    • Ginger
    • Cranberry
    • Calendula
      Garlic

HS 3025 (12 decks)

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