- developed theory of evolution - beagle --> Galapagos islands - wrote on the origin of species

BotZoo Test 1 Flashcards by kassidy hauschild

how many species exist on earth

7-10 million (some say 100million)

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evolution

change over time

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descent with modification

all living organisms arose from a common ancestor

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Charles Darwin

developed theory of evolution
beagle –> Galapagos islands
wrote on the origin of species

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evidence to support evolution

fossils
homologies (similarities)
vestigial structures
similarities in embryotic development
DNA/genes/chromosomes

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fossils

remains of an organism; imprint of a past organism
-old fossils vs new; similarities but differences
ex: homo erectus–>homo sapiens
ammonite–>natilus

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transitional fossils

ex: whale evolved from a land dwelling animal

walking–>walking/swimming–>swimming

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homologous structures

organisms with similar structures but different functions

ex: forearm of vertebrates-mammals

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vestigial structures

structure that was important for the ancestor but not for descendent.
ex: appendix; whale hind bones

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similarities in embryonic development

different organisms that share similarities in their embryonic development
-vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals

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natural selection

process by which evolution occurs.
-those members of a population that possess certain inheritable trait may be best adapted to fit a particular environment

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important components of natural selection:

variation in a population
heritability of traits
environmental pressure
ex: DDT–>mosquito = DDT resistant

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clade

group of organisms with a common ancestor

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taxonomy

classifying and naming living organisms

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classification system:

by Carl Linnaeus

domains
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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changes in classification- pre 1970s

two kingdoms: plant or animal

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changes in classification- post 1970s

Robert Whittaker:
five kingdoms:
animals
plants
fungi
protists
monera (bacteria)

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changes in classification- 1890s

Carl Woese:
archaea
bacteria
eukarya- animal, plant, fungi, protist

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archaea and bacteria

Domains: archaea and bacteria
cell type: prokaryotic
cell number: unicellular
energy/nutrition: autotrophs and heterotrophs

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cell size:

prokaryotic: 1-10Mm
eukaryotic: 10-100Mm

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bacteria shapes:

coccus= circular
spirillum= spiral
bacillus= rod

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fiembre

attachment

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ribosomes

DNA–>RNA–>Proteins

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cell membrane

gate keeper (controls what goes in or out)

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cell wall

bacteria has peptidoglycan, archea does not

capsule

(slime layer) attachment; prevents dehydration; prevent phagocytosis

plasmid

contains DNA; antibiotic resistant

flagellum

movement

nucleoid

circular chromosome; haploid

penicillin

first antibiotic ever made--> holes in bacteria

gram staining

crystal violet= purple (thick peptido) (gram +) | safrinin= pink (thin peptido) (gram -)

endospore

resistant/dormant structure (grow into bacteria cells)

binary fission

asexual reprouction

photo=

sunlight for energy

chemo=

chemicals for energy

extremophiles

extreme environments | ex archaea

thermophile

loves heat

psychrophile

loves cold

acidophile

loves acid

alkaliphile

high plt

barophile

high pressure

halophile

salt

benefits of bacteria/archaea

1. digestion 2. normal flora 3. nitrogen fixation 4. gene therapy/ bioengineering 5. antibiotics 6. decomposers 7. bioremediation 8. primary producer 9. biofuels 10. food

protists

``` domain: eukarya kingdom- protists cell type- eukaryotic cell #- mostly single energy/nutrition: autotroph- photosynthesis: plant heterotroph- absorption: fungi heterotroph- ingestion: animals ```

fungi-like protists

heterotrophs- absorption and decomposition 1. water molds 2. slime molds

water molds

unicellular | ex: downy mildew, late blight

plasmodial (acellular) slime mold

mass of cytoplasm surrounded by cell membrane | -multi nuclei

cellular slime mold

individual cells

plant-like protists

autotrophs- photosynthesis - algae - phytoplankton: single celled (70% of photosynthesis) - seaweed: multicellular

dinoflagellates

photosynthesis- coral reefs | red tide- massive growth

diatoms

(fresh water) | silica shell

Euglena

(fresh water) | single celled plant-like protists

brown algae

(salt; temperate ocean) - multicellular - can grow up to 6 in a day ex: kelp (make photosynthesis)

red algae

(salt; tropical ocean) - multicellular - photosynthesis ex: -nori- sushi - agar- solid surface to grow bacteria (used in microbiology) - carrageenan- makes icecream thicker

green algae

(fresh water) - single or multicelled - plants come from - photosynthesis

animal-like protists

heterotrophs- ingestion

protozoa

animal like protist

pseudopods

- amoeba - foraminiferans- calcium carbonate for a shell - radiolarians- silica shell

flagella

- African sleeping sickness | - contaminated water

ciliates

- cilia (how they move) | - paramecium

study of fungi

mycology

fungi

``` domain- eukarya kingdom- fungi cell type- eukaryotic cell #- multicellular energy/nutrition- heterotrophs- absorption; decomposition ```

mycelium

network of filaments

hypha-filament

one cell thick

fungus cell wall

contains chitin

reproduction of fungi

- asexual: mitosis and meiosis | - sexual: more diversity; produce spores

five groups of fungi

1. chytridomycota 2. zygomycota 3. glomeromycota 4. Ascomycota 5. basidiomycota

chytridomycota

- aquatic environment - flagellated spores - organic waste ex: batrachochytrium- killing frogs

zygomycota

- sexual reproduction to produce zygospore | ex: black bread mold; dung-fungi

saprobes

lives off of dead organisms

glomeromycota

- relationship with plants | - fungi+plant roots-- 80% land plants

ascomycota

-ascus- sac ex: morels truffles- (by roots of oak tree) yeast penicillin blue cheese athletes foot

basidiomycota

``` basidia- club=spores ex: mushroom, puffball, shelf fungi corn smut ```

Streptococcus pneumoniae

pneumonia

Bacillus anthracis

anthrax

Escherichia coli

E coli

Borrekua burgdorferi

lime disease

Treponema pallidum

syphilis

Streptococcus pyofene

strep throat

Streptococcus mutans

plaque

Clostridium botulinum

botulism

Clostridium tetani

tetanus

Staphylococcus aureus

toxic shock syndrome; staff infection

Helicobacter pylori

ulsers

Plasmopara viticola

downy mildew- grapes

Plytophthora infestans

late blight- potatoes

Pfiesteria piscicida

killed more than 1 billion fish

Karenia brevis

toxic- clams, mussels, oysters

Entamoeba histolytica

amoebic dysentery (sick because of contaminated water)

Trypanosoma bruci

African sleeping sickness

Plasmodium falciparum

malaria

Tocoplasma gondii

toxoplasmosis (in cat feces; bad for prego women)

Rhizopus stolonifer

black bread mold

Pilobolus species

dung fungi

Candida albicans

yeast infection

Penicillum chrysogenum

penicillin

Claviceps purpurea

ergotism (in rye bread) --> LSD

Armillaria osyoyae

biggest mushroom found in Oregon

Amanita phalloides

death cap- fatal

BotZoo Test 1 Flashcards

(99 cards)