BotZoo Test 5 Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
skeletal system function
A
support for body
protection of body parts
movement
2
Q
movement
A
muscles exert force against skeletal system, resulting in movement
3
Q
hydrostatic skeleton
A
cnidarian, platyhelmenthes, nematoda, annelida, Mollusca
- gastrovascular cavity
- pseudo/coelom
4
Q
exoskeleton
A
arthropoda
-chiton and protein
5
Q
endoskeleton
A
chordata, Echinodermata, porifera
- chordata: cartilage, bone
- Echinodermata: calcium carbonate
- porifera: spicules- silica, protein
6
Q
human skeletal system functions
A
- protect: skull, ribcage, pelvis
- movement
- support
- sensory transduction- ear
- hematopoiesis- red bone marrow
- adipose storage - yellow bone marrow
- calcium and phosphate storage
7
Q
red bone marrow
A
create blood cells
8
Q
yellow bone marrow
A
storage of fats
9
Q
mandible
A
lower jaw
10
Q
clavicle
A
collar bone
11
Q
scapula
A
shoulder bone
12
Q
humerous
A
upper arm
13
Q
radius
A
leading to thumb
14
Q
ulna
A
not leading to thumb
15
Q
carpels
A
hand
16
Q
metacarpels
A
small hand bone
17
Q
phalanges
A
fingers
18
Q
femer
A
biggest
19
Q
tibia
A
front
20
Q
fibula
A
back
21
Q
patella
A
knee caps
22
Q
tarsals
A
foot
23
Q
metatarsals
A
small foot bones
24
Q
sternum
A
breast bone
25
tissues of human skeletal system
1. ligaments: holds bones together- connective tissue
2. cartilage: shock absorber
3. bone: collagen; calcium phosphate
26
osteoblast
builds bone
27
osteocyte
mature bone cell
28
osteoclast
break down bone
29
calcitonin
bones absorb calcium
30
parathormone
bones release calcium
31
osteoporosis
porous bones- decrease bone density
estrogen- decrease osteoblast activity
prevent it: exercise, calcium, estrogen substances, drugs
32
ligaments
bone to bone
33
tendons
muscle to bone
34
joints
ball and socket, hinge, pivital
35
ball and socket
hip and shoulder
36
hinge
one directional movement; knee and elbow
37
pivital
wrist, neck
38
muscular system function
movement
| moves body, blood, food, air, waste
39
cardiac muscle
striated; involuntary: in the heart: moves blood. one nucleus per cell
40
smooth muscle
involuntary: around organs, digestive, urinary, respiratory. one nucleus per cell
41
skeletal muscle
striated; voluntary: movement of body. many nuclei per cell
42
skeletal muscle
striated; voluntary: movement of body. many nuclei per cell
43
energy for muscle contraction
1. ATP --> ADP
2. creatine monophosphate
3. cellular respiration
4. lactic acid fermentation
44
creatine monophosphate
builds atp back up
45
cellular respiration
C6H12O6+6H2-->6H2O+6CO2+36ATP
- cytoplasm- mitochondria
- aerobic respiration
46
lactic acid fermentation
glucose-->lactic acid (lower pH)
- lactic acid goes to liver
- more ATP
47
digestion function
break down food
| goal: obtain nutrients and eliminate waste
48
stages of digestion
1. ingestion
2. mechanical breakdown
3. chemical breakdown
4. absorption
5. eliminate waste
49
carbohydrates
polysaccharides->disaccharides->monosaccharides
50
proteins
polypeptide->peptides->aminoacids
51
lipids
triglycerides->glycerol+ 3 fatty acids
52
nucleic acids
DNA/RNA-->nucleotides
53
intracellular digestion
porifera, cnidaria
54
gastrovascular cavity
cnidarian, platyhelminthes
55
complete digestion
nematoda, annelida, Mollusca, Echinodermata, arthropoda, chordata
56
human digestive system
- oral cavity- ingestion
- pharynx- throat
- esophagus- (tube)- epiglottis- peristalsis
- stomach
57
stomach
- lower esophageal- ring of muscle
- pyloric sphincter- ring of muscle
1. stomach churns- mechanical breakdown
2. chemical breakdown (pH 1-2)
3. other (mucus, HCL) Gastrin
58
small intestine
1"x10ft
- chemical breakdown
- pancreas
- liver/gall blatter
59
liver/gall blatter
- bile helps with metabolism of lipids
- the more surface area, the more it breaks down
- emulsifies lipids
- absorption
60
large intestine
3"x5ft
- colon+rectum (last 6 inches)
- absorption of water
- left with feces- 1/3 bacteria (produces vitamins)
61
endocrine system
- important for homeostasis
- special cells are stimulated
- secrete hormones
- hormones secreted and travels through bloodstream
- binds to target cell
- signal into target cell
- target cell changes its activity
62
local hormone
-paracrine effect
-prostoglondin
(cause inflammation) (causes contractions in childbirth)
63
types of hormones
1. proteins/ peptide - oxytocin
2. amino acid- thyroxine
3. steroid- fat soluable
64
hypothalamus
neurosecretory cells
- anterior pituitary
- posterior pituitary
65
anterior pituitary
1. FSH- Follicle Stimulating Hormone
2. LH- Luteinizng Hormone
- overies- estrogen/progesterone
- testes- testosterone
3. TSH- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
- thyroid gland- throxine
4. ACTH- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
- cortex of adrenal glands- glucocorticoids
5. Prolactin- development of mammory glands and milk production
6. MSH- Melanocyte stimulating hormone
- skin- melanin
7. GH- Growth Hormone
- important for growth of cells ex: giantism; dwarfism
66
posterior pituitary
extension of hypothalamus
1. oxytosin
- release milk
- unterine contractions
2. ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone
- retain water
- low H2O --> release ADH --> kidneys --> nephrons/collecting ducts --> increase permeability --> body reabsorbs H2O
- alcohol inhibits ADH
67
acromegaly
big hands, big feet, big face
68
thyroid gland
- thyroxine- iodine containing hormone
- increase thyroxine --> increase metabolism
- break down glucose, release energy, release heat
69
hyperthyroidism
produce too much thyroxine
- increased metabolism, weight loss, sweaty, anxious, sleepless, hungry
- ex: grave's disease
- radioactive iodine, remove, drugs
70
hypothyroidism
produce too little thyroxine
| -weight gain, loss of appetite, cold, tired/fatigue, decrease in metabolism
71
goiter
bump in the neck.
| -not enough iodine/ thyroxine
72
parathyroid
parathormone- low calcium
- parathormone --> increase osteoclast, decrease osteoblasts
- kidneys- absorb Ca+2
- GI- activate vitamin D
- absorb Ca+2
73
calcitonin
high Ca+2 --> calcitonin
74
pancreas
islet cells
75
islet cells
blood glucose levels
1. beta islet (b shape)
2. alpha islet (fish shape)
76
beta islet
insulin
- increase blood glucose --> release insulin --> take glucose into cells --> increase metabolism of glucose
- glucose --> glycogen (liver
77
alpha islet
glucagon
- decrease blood glucose --> release glucagon --> release glucose into cells --> fat metabolism
- glucagon --> glucose
78
diabetes mellitus
defect in insulin production or in ability to respond
1. type I
2. type II
3. gestational
79
type I
- juvenile
- not producing insulin
- autommune attack and kill beta cells
- insulin dependent
80
type II
- adult
| - insulin resistant
81
gestational
pregnancy
82
urinary system main function
maintain homeostasis
83
urinary system process
1. filter fluids of the body- blood, interstitial fluid, to remove waste, nutrients, water (filtrate)
2. reabsorb nutrients and water
3. eliminate waste, excess water, excess nutrients (through urine)
84
Platyhelminthes excretory system
- protonephridia
- flame cells move filtrate through body
- fluid travels through tubule
- waste exits through pores
85
annelida excretory system
- nephridia
- nephrostome- how fluid gets inside
- nephridiopore- how waste exits (outside of body)
86
arthropoda excretory system
- insecta
- malpighian tubules
- open circ system- hemocoel
87
human urinary system functions
1. remove waste- urea
2. maintain/ regulate blood, h2o levels
3. regulate blood pH
4. regulate blood ions (na+, k+, ca+)
5. regulate nutrients
6. hormone- erythropoietin (in bone marrow)- produce RBCs (erythrocytes
88
urea
- enzymes break down proteins
- break down amino acids to get ammonia (toxic)
- liver changes ammonia to urea
- travels through blood and exits body
89
human urinary system structure
```
1. kidneys- filter blood, produce urine
renal artery --> filtered --> renal vein
2. ureter
-contains smooth muscle
-contracts, relax- peristalsis
3. bladder
-smooth muscle
-inner sphincter (involuntary)
-outer sphincter (voluntary)
4. urethra
-8" 1.5"
-UTI (Escherichia col)
```
90
kidneys structure
- renal cortex (nephron)
- renal medulla (nephron)
- renal pelvis- collect urine and transport to ureter
91
nephrons
filters blood, creating urine
92
nephron process
1. filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion
4. concentration
93
loop of henle
pumps out salt
- longer it is, more salt
- shorter it is, less salt
