BotZoo Test 4 Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
organization of animal body
A
cells, tissue, organs, organ system
2
Q
four groups of tissue:
A
- epithelial tissue
- connective tissue
- muscle tissue
- nervous tissue
3
Q
epithelial tissue
A
- cover body, body cavities, form membranes
- to protect
- controls passage of substances inside and outside of the body
4
Q
examples of epithelial tissue
A
- simple squamous
- simple cuboidal
- stratified squamous
- stratified cuboidal
5
Q
endocrine
A
secretion of substances in body
ex: hormones
6
Q
exocrine
A
secretion of substances outside of body
ex: saliva, sweat, sebaceous glands (oil), mammory glands
7
Q
connective tissue
A
- loose connective tissue
- fibrous connective tissue
- adipose tissue
- cartilage
- bone
- blood
8
Q
loose connective tissue
A
- collagen
- attach membranes (epithelial tissue) to other tissues
9
Q
fibrous connective tissue
A
- lots of collagen
- tendon/ ligament
10
Q
tendon
A
attaches muscle to bone
11
Q
ligament
A
attaches bone to bone
12
Q
andipose tissue
A
- fat
- storage of energy
- insulation
- no collagen
13
Q
cartilage
A
- chrondricytes–>collagen
- support
- shock absorber
- ex: nose, ear, end of bone, between vertebrae
14
Q
bone
A
- calcium phosphate
- movement
- protection
15
Q
blood
A
- plasma
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
16
Q
plasma
A
liquid part of blood: water, vitamins, proteins, sugar, salt, hormones
17
Q
erythrocytes
A
red blood cells: transports oxygen
-hemoglobin
18
Q
leukocytes
A
white blood cells: fights pathogens
19
Q
muscle tissue
A
- skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscle
20
Q
skeletal muscle
A
- striated (striped)
- voluntary control
- movement
21
Q
cardiac muscle
A
- striated
- involuntary control
- contraction of the heart
22
Q
smooth muscle
A
- nonstriated
- involuntary control
- in organs, intestines, blood vessels, bladder
- movement of substances
23
Q
nervous tissue
A
- neurons- send signals
- glial cells- protect neurons and nourishment
24
Q
organs
A
two or more tissue type that function together
25
organ system
a number of organs that are going to carry out a particular function
ex: integumentary system- skin, hair, nails
26
epidermis
stratified squamous epithelial tissue
27
dermis
- connective tissue
- muscle
- nerves
- blood vessels
- sweat gland
- sebaceous gland (oil)
28
hypodermis
- adipose tissue
| - innate immunity- keeps pathogens out
29
why skin protects
1. acidic (reduced pH)
2. physical barrio
3. relatively dry
4. normalflora (no space for pathogens)
- regulates temp
- constriction- cold: contain heat -->shiver
30
homeostasis
stable internal environment
31
negative feedback
change in internal environment conditions- reverse the change
32
hypothalamus
send signals down to muscles
33
positive feedback
change in internal conditions- amplify the change
34
oxytosin
release signal
35
ectothermic
obtain body heat from external environment
36
endothermic
obtain body heat from internal environment
37
cellular respiration
C6H12O6+6O2-->6O2+6H2O+36ATP+heat
| -occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria
38
mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
1. increase metabolism/ cellular respiration
2. increase/decrease metabolism
3. circulatory adaptations: fur, feathers; vasodilation, vasoconstriction; counter current exchange
4. evaporative cooling: sweating
5. behavioral responses: migration, sun/shade
39
respiration
breathe in O2, breathe out CO2
40
diffusion
high concentration to low concentration
41
respiratory system
1. moist environment- gasses dissolve in the water in order to diffuse
2. cells lining the system are thin
3. system has lots of surface area
42
human respiratory system
1. nasal or oral cavity- hairs filter air particles
2. meet up in the pharynx (throat)
3. Larynx- vocal chords
4. Trachea- windpipe- supported by cartilage
5. bronchus- branches in lungs- cilia/
6. bronchioles- tubes
7. alveoli- gas exchange occurs
43
surfactent
fluid inside alveoli
44
blood: bright red
oxygen binded to hemoglobin (oxygenated)
45
blood: blue
oxygen not binded to hemoglobin
46
gas exchange
1. O2- transported by RBCs
| 2. CO2- 20% transported by hemoglobin, 10% dissolved in plasma
47
air percentage
20% oxygen; 80% nitrogen
48
breathing
- inhalation: contract muscles
| - exhalation: relax muscles
49
medulla
- respiratory control system
| - CO2 levels important for rate and depth of breathing
50
circulatory system functions
- get O2 and nutrients to cells
| - keep CO2 and waste away from cells
51
components of circulatory system
- heart: atrium, ventricle
| - blood vessels, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
52
functions of human circulatory system
1. transport O2 and nutrients to cells
2. transport CO2 and waste from body cells
3. transport hormones
4. protect from pathogens
5. maintain body temp
6. blood clotting- placelets
53
cardiac cycle heartbeat
- 72beats/min (0.8 sec)
- diastole
- systole
54
diastole
- heart muscle is relaxed
| - blood flows into atria and ventricles
55
systole
- atria contract- push blood into ventricles
| - ventricles contract- push blood out of heart
56
intercalated disks
connect cells
57
desmosomes
tight junctions- hold cells together
58
gap junctions
communication- electrical signals
59
fibrillation
uncoordinated heartbeats
60
defibrillator
shock
| -nervous and endocrine systems effect heartrate
61
sinoatrial node
SA node
| -electrical signal--> both atria--> simultaneous contraction-->
62
atrioventricular node
AV node
-collects electrical signal, delays it, and sends on
av bundle--> purkinje fibers-->ventride conractions
63
human circulatory system
(blood vessels)
- arteries
- arterioles
- capillaries
- venules
- veins
64
arteries
(away from heart)
- epithelial, smooth muscle, connective tissue
- thick, strong smooth muscle
- lots of it
65
atterioles
- vasodialation, vasoconstriction
| - precapillary sphincters
66
capillaries
- epithelial cells- 1 cell thick
| - diffusion (oxygen and nutrients; CO2 and waste
67
veins
(towards heart)
- epithelial, smooth muscle, connective tissue
- not as much
- valves- make sure blood gets to heart
- skeletal muscle aids in getting blood to heart
68
blood
- 5L
- plasma = 55% of blood
- lots of water present
- ions- pH buffering, osmotic balance
- proteins- fibrinogen- blood clotting
69
hematopoiesis
production of blood vessels in bone marrow
70
nervous system function
1. sense stimulation (sound, pressure, temp)
2. analyze and interpret signals- send signals onward
3. respond to stimulation/signal- send signal onward
71
two nervous systems
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
72
central nervous system
- brain and spinal chord
| - interneurons
73
peripheral nervous system
- sensory neurons
| - motor neurons
74
neurons
signals
75
glial cells
have more
- nourish neurons
- protect neurons
76
action potential
the switching from negative to positive, then back to negative
77
K+
away from activation
78
Na+
towards activation
79
IPSP
(inhibitory post synaptic potential)
| -K+ channels open, K+ moves out
80
EPSP
(excitatory postsynaptic potential)
| -Na+ channels open, Na+ moves in
81
neurotransmitters
- signals leaving neuron
- bin to receptors on postsynaptic cell (neuron, muscle, gland)
- receptors
82
fate of neurotransmitter
- reuptake by the cell that produced it
- enzymes in synapse degrade
- diffusion of the neurotransmitter
83
types of neurotransmitters
- acetylcholine
- Dopamine
- serotonin
- nitric oxide
- endorphins
84
acetylcholine
- causes skeletal muscle to contract/ memory
- clostridium botulism- no muscle contraction (no AcH)
- clostridium tetani- constant muscle contraction (secrete AcH)
- curare- blocks AcH receptors
- Alzheimer's- AcH releasing neurons in brain die off
85
dopamine
- mood- euphoric/ energetic, alertness, muscle coordination
- cocaine- prevents reuptake of dopamine
- ADHD- prevents reuptake of dopamine
- Parkinson's- dopamine releasing neurons die off
- Schizophrenia- block dopamine receptors
86
serotonin
- mood- euphoric/energetic
- Prozac- prevents reuptake of serotonin
- ecstasy- prevents reuptake
87
nitric oxide
- memory
- penis erections
- viagra
88
endorphins
- mood
- reduces pain sensations
- runners high
