Bovine

Question 1

three economic values that dictate if surgery will be preformed

Answer 1

• High producing Dairy Cattle
• Registered Breeding Stock
• Pet animals

Question 2

two main ways to preform bovine surgery

Answer 2

standing or GA

Question 3

sedation with forced recumbency

Answer 3

casting

Question 4

Majority of Surgeries done this way

Answer 4

standing

Question 5

standing surgeries are done with a combination of what three things

Answer 5

restraint
sedation/tranquilization
local/regional block

Question 6

what should be kept in mind in bovine surgeries

Answer 6

withdrawal times (for butchering)

Question 7

seven things that restraint for standing surgery depends on

Answer 7

Facilities
Personnel available
Duration
Patient factors (temperament) Anatomical location
Anticipated pain
General health of patient

Question 8

how long should food be withheld before standing surgery

Answer 8

12-14 hours

Question 9

how long should water be withheld from adult cattle before standing surgery

Answer 9

6 hours or less

Question 10

preferred local anesthesia drug (still toxic but the “safest” one)

Answer 10

lidocaine

Question 11

toxicity signs of lidocaine in bovine

Answer 11

hypotension
sedation
resp. depress
muscle twitching
convulsions

Question 12

it is best to dilute lidocaine to what percentage

Answer 12

2%

Question 13

pain control for flank incisions, needs to be deposited into several layers of tissues

Answer 13

L Block

Question 14

L Blocks are deposited in what shape

Answer 14

inverted “L”

Question 15

pain control that is given in spinal roots

Answer 15

paravertebral block

Question 16

what spinal roots are used for paravertebral block

Answer 16

T13
L1
L2

Question 17

how much local anesthetic is given in the dorsal approach of a paravertebral block

Answer 17

20 ml per vertebrae

Question 18

how much local anesthetic is given in the lateral approach of a paravertebral block

Answer 18

10-20 ml per site

Question 19

pain control for dehorning

Answer 19

cornual nerve block

Question 20

how many nerves do cattle have supplied to each horn

Answer 20

one (between eye and horn)

Question 21

pain control for distal limb - two names

Answer 21

Bier block

or

intravenous regional analgesia

Question 22

where are Bier blocks given in distal limbs

Answer 22

metatarsal/metacarpal veins

Question 23

where are Bier blocks given in relation to the tourniquet

Answer 23

distal

Question 24

what is used for a Bier block, in addition to the tourniquet

Answer 24

padding

Question 25

Bier blocks are superior to what

Answer 25

nerve block

Question 26

how long does a Bier block last

Answer 26

10-15 minutes, as long as tourniquet is on

Question 27

pain control for obstetric procedures

Answer 27

caudal epidural

Question 28

where are caudal epidurals given

Answer 28

first intercoccygeal space

Question 29

what does the caudal epidural block

Answer 29

Tail Anus Perineum Vulva Caudal Vagina Caudal Thigh

Question 30

what drug is used for caudal epidurals

Answer 30

5-6 ml 2% lidocaine

Question 31

what is the onset and duration of caudal epidurals

Answer 31

10-20 onset lasts 1-2 hours

Question 32

four risks with bovine GA

Answer 32

regurgitation bloat hypoventilation compartment syndrome

Question 33

when should food be pulled in cattle, calves and neonates before GA

Answer 33

cattle: 12-36 hours calves: 2-4 hours neonates: 0 hours

Question 34

when should water be pulled in cattle, calves and neonates before GA

Answer 34

cattle: 6-12 hours calves: 0 hours neonates: 0 hours

Question 35

what kind of endotracheal tubes should be used to avoid regurgitation during GA

Answer 35

cuffed tubes

Question 36

what induces the gag reflex in GA, so you have to do it fast

Answer 36

pharynx stimulation

Question 37

ruminants should never be rolled under GA, unless what is in placed

Answer 37

CUFFED endotracheal tubes

Question 38

what two things during GA can cause bloat

Answer 38

Drug-induced hypomotility gas build-up

Question 39

rumen content, size and weight can cause what during GA

Answer 39

hypoventilation

Question 40

most preanesthetic drugs are what kind of label

Answer 40

extra label

Question 41

what should be consulted before using preanesthetic drugs

Answer 41

FARAD

Question 42

three groups of preanesthetic drugs

Answer 42

acepromazine Xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine (alpha 2) Anticholinergics(atropine, glycopyrrolate)

Question 43

acepromazine provides tranquilization for how long

Answer 43

2-4 hours

Question 44

what can males experience with acepromazine, that can lead to trauma

Answer 44

prolonged extended penis

Question 45

which drug group only requires 1/10 of the horse dose to be effective - highly sensitive!

Answer 45

Xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine

Question 46

which drug group can have milk passage

Answer 46

Xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine

Question 47

which drug does not reduce saliva and may induce bloat

Answer 47

Anticholinergics(atropine, glycopyrrolate)

Question 48

four induction drugs for GA

Answer 48

inhalant gas thiobarbiturates ketamine guaifenesin

Question 49

inhalant gas induction is possible on animals under how many pounds

Answer 49

150

Question 50

thiobarbiturates should not be used in which kind of animals

Answer 50

neonates or pregnant (can cross placenta)

Question 51

ketamine is used in combination with what three drugs

Answer 51

Xylazine, Acepromazine, Diazapam

Question 52

guaifenesin has what kind of effect on bovine

Answer 52

muscle relaxant - reduces other doses of additional drugs

Question 53

what drugs make up the "triple drip" combination

Answer 53

Guaifenesin + Xylazine + Ketamine

Question 54

what drugs make up the "double dip" combination

Answer 54

Guaifenesin + Ketamine

Question 55

what animals is Telazol and Propofol used in

Answer 55

calves and small ruminants

Question 56

two ways to place endotracheal tubes

Answer 56

direct visualization palpation

Question 57

with palpation placement of endotracheal tube, cup end with hand and insert what

Answer 57

arm

Question 58

what should removed before palpation placement of endotracheal tube

Answer 58

JEWELRY

Question 59

two ways to maintenance GA bovine

Answer 59

injectable drugs inhalant gas

Question 60

when is maintenance GA done in bovine

Answer 60

if more than 1 hour

Question 61

what four things should be monitored in GA of bovine

Answer 61

depth ventilation circulation temperature

Question 62

how many BPM is desired under GA in bovine

Answer 62

20-40 BPM

Question 63

in what circumstances should an IV catheter be place during GA in bovine

Answer 63

every time - in case of emergency situations

Question 64

when should IV fluids be given during GA in bovine

Answer 64

lasting longer than 1 hour

Question 65

what age bovine may require dextrose in GA

Answer 65

neonates

Question 66

what rate of oxygen should be given in GA recovery for bovine

Answer 66

100%

Question 67

in what position should bovine recover from GA

Answer 67

sternal recumbancy

Question 68

what helps in recovery of GA in bovine

Answer 68

belching

Question 69

eructation

Answer 69

belching

Question 70

what side is best for recovery, if lateral recumbency is required

Answer 70

right side

Question 71

how are cattle different from equine in recovery

Answer 71

they are sensible and won't get up until they feel like they can

Question 72

what age is best for castration

Answer 72

young age

Question 73

what insects are concern with castration

Answer 73

flies

Question 74

two classifications of castration

Answer 74

open and closed

Question 75

what tools are used in open castration

Answer 75

scalpel or Newberry knife emasculator

Question 76

emasculator should be positioned ______ to ______

Answer 76

nut to nut

Question 77

what tools are used in closed castration

Answer 77

emasculatome (Burdizzo) elastrator

Question 78

tool that crushed the spermatic cord above the testicle, through the skin, without incision

Answer 78

emasculatome (Burdizzo)

Question 79

Tool for procedure also known as banding

Answer 79

elastrator

Question 80

two complications in bovine castration

Answer 80

hemorrhage infection

Question 81

pain med that can be given for castration

Answer 81

meloxicam (NSAID)

Question 82

one shot of meloxicam lasts how long for pain

Answer 82

3 to 5 days

Question 83

another term for dehorning

Answer 83

cornuectomy

Question 84

three negatives that horned cattle can have

Answer 84

dangerous damage hide damage to facilities

Question 85

removal of horn buds before horns grown

Answer 85

disbudding

Question 86

three ways to perform a cornuectomy (dehorning)

Answer 86

chemical cautery heat cautery surgical removal

Question 87

dehorning procedure that kills germinal epithelium

Answer 87

chemical cautery

Question 88

when should chemical cautery for dehorning be done

Answer 88

first week of life

Question 89

what is the collateral damage to chemical cautery dehorning

Answer 89

skin burns to moms from nursing calf

Question 90

chemical cautery for dehorning has a high incidence of failure and can lead to what

Answer 90

scur - partial horn growth

Question 91

dehorning procedure that is fast and mostly bloodless

Answer 91

heat cautery

Question 92

what is killed in heat cautery for dehorning

Answer 92

germinal cells

Question 93

three tools used for surgical dehorning

Answer 93

tube or spoon dehorner lever type surgical saws

Question 94

which surgical tool is used for small horns

Answer 94

tube or spoon

Question 95

which surgical tool is used for small and medium horns

Answer 95

Barnes dehorner

Question 96

Answer 96

Barnes dehorner

Question 97

two tools that can be used for surgical saw dehorning

Answer 97

saw or Gigli wire

Question 98

Answer 98

Gigli wire

Question 99

three complications from dehorming

Answer 99

hemorrhage infection flies

Question 100

what can flies cause in an open wound

Answer 100

myiasis - infection of fly larvae (maggots)

Question 101

what does the AVMA oppose as routine practice in cattle

Answer 101

tail amputation/docking

Question 102

when is tail amputation/docking justified in cattle

Answer 102

injury to the tail

Question 103

extra or accessory teats in cattle

Answer 103

supernumerary teats

Question 104

why do supernumerary teats cause issues on cattle

Answer 104

interfere with milk machine

Question 105

what tools can be used for teat removal

Answer 105

emasculatome emasculator clamp

Question 106

which direction should the teat removal site be sutured closed

Answer 106

caudo-cranial

Question 107

what injection should be considered for all bovine surgical procedures

Answer 107

tetanus

Question 108

why would a urethrostomy be performed

Answer 108

prevent urolithiasis (bladder urethral stones)

Question 109

laypersons term for urethrostomy

Answer 109

Heifering - they pee like a girl now

Question 110

cystotomy for urolithiasis will preserve what

Answer 110

breeding function

Question 111

Answer 111

Newberry knife

Question 112

Answer 112

emasculator

Question 113

Answer 113

Emasculatome (Burdizzo)

Question 114

Answer 114

elastrator

Question 115

Answer 115

inverted L Block

Question 116

Answer 116

Paravertebral Block

Question 117

Answer 117

Bier Block