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P & P (Midterm) > bovine mastitis and production of quality milk (Donovan) > Flashcards

bovine mastitis and production of quality milk (Donovan) Flashcards

1
Q

alveoli

A
  • milk synthesis
  • oxytocin responsive smooth muscle
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2
Q

ducts and ductules

A

collection of milk

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3
Q

gland (udder) cistern

A

storage of letdown milk

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4
Q

teat cistern

A

storage of letdown milk just prior to removal (milking or suckling)

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5
Q

teat canal

A
  • first and most important line of defense against invasion by patogenic bacteria
  • smooth muscle
  • squamous epithelium and thick layer of keratin
  • keratin: bacteriostatic properties
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6
Q

mastitis (def)

A
  • inflammation within the mammary gland
  • complex disease
    • many causes
    • varying intensity
    • variable duration
    • variable residual effects
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7
Q

inflammation characterized by

A
  • heat
  • pain
  • redness
  • swelling
  • disturbed function
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8
Q

clinical forms of mastitis

peracute

A
  • most severe form
  • CS progres over 4-12 hour period
  • local signs severe plus systemic signs
    • fever
    • anorexia
    • dehydration
    • depression
    • muscle tremors
    • +/- diarrhea
    • death
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9
Q

Clinical Forms of mastitis

acute

A
  • all five gross signs of inflammation
  • mild depression and fever
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10
Q

Clinical forms of mastitis

subacute

A
  • cardinal signs of mastitis subdued
  • no systemica signs
  • most common clinical form
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11
Q

Clinical forms of mastitis

Subclinical

A
  • inflammation in absence of gross signs (only detected in milk)
  • Leukocytes, fibrin clots, serum in milk
  • most common form of mastitis
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12
Q

Clinical form of mastitis

Chronic

A
  • inflammation persists over weeks/months

or

  • periodic flareups that produce acute or subacute clinical signs
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13
Q

Primary udder pathogens

A
  • staph aureus
  • strep agalactiae
  • mycoplasma sp
  • strep dysgalactia
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14
Q

Environmental pathogen (major)

A
  • Strep uberis
  • Strep dysgalactia
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15
Q

Environmental pathogens (minor)

A
  • staph coag neg
  • Colforms
  • A. pyogenes
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16
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae

A
  • non tissue invader
  • pathogenesis
    • irritant accumulates
    • decreased milk production
  • inc som cell count
  • susceptible to penicillin and others
    • can be eradicated
    • rare on farms
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17
Q

somatic cell counts

A
  • leukocytes
  • epithelia cellular debris in milk
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18
Q

Control of strep ag in a herd

A
  • post milking teat disinfection
  • dry cow therapy
  • ID infected cows and treat
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19
Q

Dry cow therapy

A
  • at the end of 300/330 days
  • infuse antibiotics into mammary gland
  • routine on all dairy farms
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20
Q

Blitz treatment

A
  • post-milking teat disinfection
  • dry cow Ab therapy
  • treatment of all strep ag positive 1/4s
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21
Q

only bug controlled by TX

A

strep ag

22
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A
  • contagious mastitis
  • mainly subclinical and chronic
  • micro-abscessation within the gland
  • peracute form less common
    • this leads to gangrene of udder
  • reservoirs
    • milk
    • teat skin
23
Q

staph aureus

pathogenesis

A
  • penetrates into tissue
    • produces deep-seated foci of inflammation
  • produces toxins
    • coagulase
    • hemolysis: gangrenous mastitis
    • penicillinase
    • beta lactamase
24
Q

staph aureus shed in

A

relatively low numbers

25
Q

staph aureus causes moderate

A

increase in somatic cell count

26
Q

staph aureus controlled by

A
  • teat dipping
  • prevention

*can’t be controlled by treatment

27
Q

Mycoplasma sp

A
  • contagious mastitis organism
  • of most concern is M. bovis
  • also causes penumonia, otitis media/interna & arthritis in calves
  • often subclinical
  • mastitis can spread to all 4 quarters
  • white coffe-ground appearance to milk
28
Q

difficulty in treating/detecting mycoplasma sp

A
  • non-responsive to AB
  • periodic shedding possible
  • specialized culture media required
29
Q

strep uberis &

strep dysgalactia

A
  • environomental
    • non susceptible to eradication
    • opportunistic
30
Q

S. uberis

A
  • acute and chronic mastitis
  • indistinquishable from strep ag
31
Q

S. dys

A
  • infections after teat injury
  • enhanced by presence of teat lesions
    • viral
    • mechanical
    • chemical
    • chapping
32
Q

95% rule

A
  • 95% of mastitis due to
    • strep ag
    • staph aureus
    • strep uberis
    • strep dysgalactia
    • coliforms
33
Q

Coliforms

A
  • environmental, opportunistic organisms
  • E. coli, Klebsiella, Serratia, Aeromonas
  • cause peracute to acute mastitis
    • can kill cows
  • low numbers of bacteria shed in milk
34
Q

Herds wtih low SCC may be at inc risk of

A
  • acquiring coliform infections
    • protective effect of elevated SCC
35
Q

one of the first signs of peracute mastitis

A

watery milk

36
Q

coliforms mastitis

A
  • characteriazed by
    • sudden sweeling of affected quater
    • fever, muscle tremors, rumen statis, dehydration, +/- diarrhea
    • udder secretion serous w/o leukocytes (pus) or fibrin, and later with both in milk
37
Q

Coliform pathogenesis

A
  • Endotoxins
38
Q

Monitoring and assessment of herd mastitis

A
  • # clinical cases
  • Bulk tank milk eval
  • California mastitis test
  • Individual somatic cell count
39
Q

Goal for mastitis

A
  • < 3% of milking population/month
    • 0.75%/week
40
Q

consideration when counting # clinical cases

A
  • stage of lactation
  • geographic location
  • parity (1st lactation cows…?)
41
Q

contagious mastitis bugs

(purist perspective)

A
  • staph aureaus
  • strep ag
  • mycoplasm
42
Q

coliform contamination from

A

feces

(look at bedding)

43
Q

regulatory limit of somatic cell count

A

450,000 cells/mL

44
Q

California Mastitis test

A
  • indirect measure of somatic cells in milk
  • good screening test for subclinical mastitis in a herd
  • good at IDing cows with high SCC (>1,000,000)
  • Not good for differentiating between infected (>200,000) and non-infected cows (<200,000)
45
Q

Mastitis Control Program

A
  1. proper milking management
  2. environmental control
  3. dry cow therapy
  4. milking machine maintenance
  5. treatment protocols
  6. vaccination
46
Q

Pre-milking management

A
  • quietly bring cows into milking parlor to be milked
    • avoid excitement
  • thoroughly clean and dry udder and teats
    • dry is preferable to clean
  • dip (contact time)
    • iodine (30 seconds)
    • chlorine (5-10 seconds)
  • strip (look for mastitis)
47
Q

milking management

A
  • avoid liner slips
    • vacuum leak
    • contributes to severe coliform mastitis
48
Q

Post-milking management

A
  • make sure cow is milked out
  • dip all 4 teats
  • send cow on her way to a feedbunk full of fresh feed and water
    • keep them standing!
49
Q

Environmental control

A
  • bed freestalls at least once daily
  • control heat stress
  • dry cow therapy
    • infuse AB into mammary gland
50
Q

vaccinations against mastitis

A
  • E. Coli
    • core vaccine, only one that works
  • Staph aureus
  • Mycoplasma bovis
51
Q

Summary

A
  • Milk clean, dry teats
  • post-milk disinfection
  • dry, clean housing

P & P (Midterm) (8 decks)

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