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P & P (Midterm) > Kennel/cattery vacc protocols (Stone) > Flashcards

Kennel/cattery vacc protocols (Stone) Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Max health and production

A
  1. minimize stress (good and bad)
  2. ideal housing
  3. good nutrition
  4. parasite control
  5. disease prevention
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2
Q

Handle animals in order of….

A
  • age and immune status
    • puppies, preggos, young adults, adults, sick animals
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3
Q

Immunoprophylaxis

A
  • enhanceet of a specific immune response in an attempt to protect an animal from disease
    • vaccination
    • passive transfer
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4
Q

Innate immunity

A
  • exists prior to foreign Ag exposure
  • physical barriers, phagocytic cells, natural killer cells
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5
Q

Acquired Immunity

A
  • Develops upon a foregn Ag stimulation
  • Humoral Immunity B-cells (antibodies)
  • Cell mediated Immunity T-cells
  • Secretory IgA
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6
Q

Passive Immunization

A
  • artificial transfer of specific antibodies
  • immediate protection
  • allergic/immune reactions
  • short-lived resistance
  • transfer of disease possible
  • oral, IM, IP, SQ
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7
Q

Active Immunization

A
  • give an Ag to produce an immune response
  • costs less than passive immunization
  • takes time to produce immunity
  • long lived immunity
    • months, years, life
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8
Q

Maternal Antibodies

A
  • Colostral antibodies: 82-98%
  • Transplacental Antibodies: 2-18%
  • Absorbed in 1st 24-72 hours
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9
Q

offsprings antibody level affected by

A
  • maternal antibody titer
  • amount of colostrum received
  • parasitism
  • environment
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10
Q

critical period

Test question

A
  • Elimination of maternal antibody in the neonate in relation to vaccination
  • 6-8
  • 14-16 weeks
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11
Q

Modified-live Attenuated

A
  • whole agent
  • recombinant vector
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12
Q

Inactivated/non-infectious

A
  • whole agent - killed
  • purified subunit
  • recombinant protein
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13
Q

Advantages of modified-live vaccines

A
  • replicate in host
  • provide more rapid protection
  • produce longer-lasting immunity
  • lower Ag mass - fewer reactions
  • better stimulates CMI
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14
Q

Disadvantages Modified-Live Vaccines

A
  • Reversion to virulence (very rare)
    • immunosuppressed
    • neonates
  • Can cause immune suppression
    • all the vet students across the street…lol
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15
Q

Recombinant Vector

A
  • Genetic code for key immunogenic proteins inserted into a non-pathogenic vector
  • Pox virus, herpesvirus, bovine papillomavirus, simian virus 40, adenovirus
  • PUREVAX (Rabies, FeLV) - Merial (Cats)
  • Recombitek Distemper - Merial (Dogs)
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16
Q

Intranasal or Oral

modified live

A
  • Immune response within 3-5 days
  • higher levels of IgA
  • Readily reverts to varulence
  • More post vaccinal signs (IN)
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17
Q

Parenteral

Modified Live Products

A
  • Immune response within 7-10 days
  • high levels of IgG
  • Does not revert to virulence as readily
  • fewer post vaccinl signs
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18
Q

Advantages of inactivated vaccines (whole agent)

A
  • Don’t replicate in host
  • no reversion to virulence
  • safer in immunosuppressed or neonates
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19
Q

Disadvantages of Inactivated vaccines (whole agent)

A
  • requires more vaccinations
  • more allergenic due to higher Ag mass
  • requires adjuvant
  • shorter duration of immunity (DOI)
  • initial protection requires a booster
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20
Q

Purified subunit

(inactivated vaccines)

A
  • Purified antigenic components of the infectious agent
  • less allergenic than killed whole agent
  • Leukocell 2 - Zoetis (cats)
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21
Q

Recombinant protein

(inactivated vaccines)

A
  • Desired gene clonged into organism, produced in vitro then harvested
  • Recombitek Lyme - Merial
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22
Q

Adjuvants

A
  • added to increase duration and amount of immunostimulation
  • Types
    1. aluminum hydroxide
    2. mycobacteria/endotoxins
    3. carbopol
    4. oil
    5. liposomes
    6. freund’s complete
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23
Q

Vaccination does not equal

A

immunization

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24
Q

Categories of vaccine failure

A
  • Host factors
  • Vaccine factors
  • Human factors
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25
Host factors
* immunodeficiency * maternal Ab * Age * Pregnancy * Fever/hypothermia * stress/illness * incubating disease * drug therapy * general debilitation * malnutrition * hormonal changes
26
Vaccine factors
* improper storage/handling * biological variation * strain differences * excessive attenuation * reversion to virulence * overwhelming exposure
27
Human factors
* hospital protocol * vaccine interference * 2 week interval * improper mixing/amount * exposed at time of vaccination * improper route of admin * improper use of disinfectants * concurrent use of microbials or immunosuppressive drugs
28
steroids and vaccination
* ok to vaccinate an animal on steroids for inflammation * not ok to vaccinate an animal on immunosuppressive doses steroids
29
Vaccination reactions
* local * mild systematic * fetal resorption, abortions, birth defects * immune complex disease * anaphylaxis * immune mediated hemolytic anemia (or thrombocytopenia) * Vaccine induced neoplasia * contamination of multidose vials * adventitious agents * febrile limping syndrome of acats * vaccine assoc disease of young akitas * incomplete attenuation causing disease
30
Core vaccines dogs
* canine distemper virus * canine parvovirus * infectious canine hepatitis * rabies
31
core vaccines cats
* rabies * feline panleukopenia * feline herpes virus * feline calicivirus
32
Non-core vaccines dogs
* given based on risk assessment * canine corona virus * canine parainfluenza virus * leptospirosis * bordetella * lyme * influenza
33
Non-core vaccines cats
* Feline Leukemia (core in kittens) * FIV * FIP * Chlamydophila * bordetella (zoonotic to peeps too)
34
Risk assessment
* shelters/breeders * outdoor enthusiast * outdoor socialite * indoor socialite * indoor elitist * indoor pampered pet
35
Canine
* Transmission * virus shed in body secretions * primary source of exposure: aerosol * often young dogs kept in groups * virus shedding ceases 1-2 weeks post-recovery * virus labile * survives hours to days
36
Canine distemper CS
* chorioretinitis + keratoconjunctivitis + CNS signs = pretty unique to distemper * other signs * respiratory * GI * CNS signs: seizures, ataxia, myoclonus
37
Canine distemper DX
* Clinical signs/inadequate vaccine history
38
Canine distemper Prevention
* MLV most common * **vaccinate on intake to group housing situation** * vaccinate at 6-8 weeks then q 2-4 weeks until 14-16 weeks * booster in 1 year then q 1-3 years depending on risk
39
Distemper recombinant vector
* Recombitek CDV at first vaccine (merial) * more rapid immunity, booster annualy * long term immunity when boostered with attenuated virus vaccine * Many shelters use this when they can afford it
40
Infectious Canine Hepatitis (Canine Adenovirus Type I (CAV-1) Transmission
* oronasal * shed in all secretions * shed 6-9 months in urine post recovery * **resistant to inactivation and disinfection**
41
Infectious canine hepatitis CS
* Per acute: death within hours * Acute * 5-7 day course * V/D abdominal pain * Corneal edema (blue eye) * Anterior uveitis * CNS signs * hepatic encephalopathy * hypoglycemia or non-suppurative encephalitis
42
Infectious canine hepatitis DX
* **clincal signs in unvaccinated dogs \< 1 yr old**
43
Infectous canine hepatitis Prevention
* MLV * Canine adenovirus type 1 vaccine * can cause anterior uveitis/nephritis * don't use this * **CAV-2 vaccine** * cross protection without reaction * **vaccinate on intake to group housing** * vaccinate at 6-8 weeks then q 2-4 weeks until 14-16 weeks * booster in 1 year then q 1-3 yrs depending on risk
44
Canine Leptospirosis Transmission
* Direct contact * urine * veneral * placenta * bites * ingesting tissue * Indirect contact * contaminated water, bedding, soil * recent flooding \*Rodent and wild animal reservoirs
45
Canine leptospirosis CS
* Fever, depression, anorexia, muscle mpain * dehydration, congested mucous membranes * acute renal failure * acute hepatic failure * DIC
46
Canine Leptospirosis DX
* **serology: microscopic agglutination test** * **​4-fold rising titer** * **not a great test**
47
Lepto immunization reduces ..... and .... not ......
reduces **incidence** and **severity** not carrier state
48
Duration of lepto immunity (**killed** whole agent) Newer vaccines with purified proteins/subunits last
about 8 months 12 months
49
Allergenicity of Lepto vaccine
* historically highly allergenic * anaphylaxis: treat and discontinue use * avoid in mini dachshunds * combo with other killed products \> anaphylaxis
50
Lepto vaccination schedule
* no cross protection between serovars * vaccinate at \>/= 9 weeks then q 2-4 weeks for 2-3 doses * As adults: q 6-12 months depending on risk * 2 serovar vaccine not recommended * 4 serovar one is recommended by AVMA * **important in any at risk animal**
51
Canine Infectious Trachebronchitis (Canine cough complex) causes
* Virus * parainfluenza * adenovirus type-2 * canine distemper * canine herpesvirus * canine influenza * Bacteria * bordetella bronchiseptica * streptococcus * mycoplasmas
52
Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis Transmission
* Highly contagious via aerosol spread * fomite transmission * incubation period 5-7 days (3-10) * **group confinement is a risk factor**
53
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis CS
* mild - death * summer and fall * paroxysmal, honking cough * gagging/retching * inc w/activity * cough elicited by tracheal palpation * BAR
54
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis DX
* clinical signs and exposure history * culture-nasal or tracheobronchial swabs * rads * bact pneum looks different than viral pneum * cytology
55
Parainfluenza prevention (usually a commensal thing) Intranasal
* Intranasal * IgA, MLV * less maternal interference * rapid protection, post vaccinal signs * 1 dose at \> 3 weeks of age or 7-14 days pre-board
56
Parainfluenza prevention Parenteral
* 2 doses, 2-4 weeks apart * MLV * Takes longer for protection * reduces clinical signs, not shedding * less post vaccinal signs
57
Bordetella bronchiseptial prevention Nasal or oral
* live avirulent * given w/ parainfluenza * IgA w/in 4 days * protects against clinical dz and shedding * mild signs post vaccine * 1 dose \> 3 weeks or 7-14 days pre-board * **no booster required....?** * **​acts like a real infection, body boosters itself** * **stimulates all types of immunity**
58
Bordetella bronchiseptica prevention Parenteral
* Killed * 2 doses, 2-4 wks apart or 7-14 days pre-board * vaccine reaction possible * **only stimulating antibody reponse** * **booster required** ## Footnote **\*Zoonotic potential: recommend for owners that are immunosupressed**
59
Canine influenza
* Influenza H3N8 and novel H3N2 * Respiratory illness similar to kennel cough * can progress to life-threatening pneumonia * no seasonal comp * no relation to parainfluenza and no cross protection
60
Canine Influenza vaccine
* vaccination of susceptible dogs and quarantine and iso infected dogs * vaccine (merck and Zoetis) * inactivated virus * adjuvant * aid in control of disease * reduces severity and length of illness * reduces shedding and shedding interval
61
Canine parvovirus Transmission
* CPV-2 late 1970s * CPV-2a and CPV-2b since 1980 * Transmission * fecal-oral * virus survives many months * fomite and environmental contamination * signs begin in 4-7 days * disease in pups \< 1 year old * esp \< 6 mo
62
Canine Parvo CS
* GI * Endotoxemia, sepsis, hypothermia
63
Canine parvo DX
* CBC: leukopenia 500-2000/mcl * virology: ELISA (SNAP) * for fecal excretion of CPV-2 * vaccination can interfere with test
64
canine parvo prevention
* maternal Ab interference * vaccinate out to 16 weeks of age * **vaccinate on intake to group housing** * period of susceptibility * killed & MLV * MLV better protection
65
Canine Coronavirus
* almost always subclinical infection so dogs will develop own immunity * not sure why we vaccinate for it * not recommended for use
66
Lyme disease types of vaccines
* killed whole cell * recombinant outer surface protein (Osp A) * Bacterin (Osp A, C)
67
Lyme disease prevention
* tick control * vaccination in groups at risk
68
Canine Rabies about
* Know rabies laws where you are * incidence in cats \> dogs * virus labile outside of host
69
Canine rabies CS
* death usually in 3-7 days * Prodromal phase 2-3 days * erratic behavior, fever, slow corneal and palpebral reflexes * Furious phase 2-4 days * irritable, barking, aggression, ataxia, seizure * Paralytic phase 2-4 days * paresis, paralysis, change in bark, drooling, coma * atypical
70
Canine Rabies DX
* **Submit animals head (CHILLED, NOT FROZEN)** * Direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA) * Histopath (negri bodies) * Mouse inoculation for confirmation
71
Rabies vaccination schedule
* vaccinate at 12-**16** weeks and repeat in 1 year * repeat in 1 yr if unsure of previous vaccine * Some 1 & 3 yr vaccines are same, some are different * killed vaccine highly adjuvanted: * granulomas * ear tip necrosis
72
Feline upper respiratory disease causes
* virus * herpesvirus * calicivirus * bacteria * chlamydophila * bordetella * mycoplasmas * mycoplasma
73
Herpes virus and calicivirus transmission
* Direct contact: oral, nasal, ocular * Fomites * FHV-susceptible, survives 18-24 hours * FCV-resistant, survives 8-10 days * Aerosol * sneeze can be propelled 4 feet
74
Herpes virus and calicivirus CS
* anorexia * depression * fever * oro-nasal d/c
75
FHV CS
* URI signs more sever, secondary bacterial infection * corneal involvement * intermittent shedding post infection
76
FCV CS
* oral ulceration, more mild URI * myalgia/arthralgia * persistent shedding
77
Herpesvirus and calicivirus prevention
* vaccination only lessens clinical signs * vaccinate at 6-8 weeks then q 2-4 weeks until 14-16 weeks * **vaccinate on intake to group housing** * revaccinate in 1 year then q 1-3 *
78
Herpesvirus and calicivirus Types of vaccines
* MLV and killed, parenteral * MLV, intranasal * quicker immunity * consider in outbreak * causes CS
79
Chlamydophila felis
* causes conjunctivitis * stone doesn't vaccinate for it, treats it if it happens (AB) * endemic in UK they use vaccine
80
Bordetella
* only a prob in catteries
81
Feline Panleukopenia CS DX
* CS * parvo virus in cats * targets rapidly dividing cells * adult infection: subclinical * kittens: same as parvo * neonates: cerebellar hypoplasia, thymic atrophy, fading kitten syndrome * DX * CS
82
Feline Panleukopenia Prevention
* If you can vaccinate out to 16 weeks of age you can protect for life * vaccinate at 6-9 weeks then q 2-4 weeks until 12-16 weeks * revaccinate in 1 year and then q 1-3 yrs * **vaccination on intake to group housing**
83
Feline Leukemia Transmission
* intimate oro-nasal contact w/infected saliva * transplacental * milk borne (more common) * Virus survives 24-48 hours in environment
84
Feline Leukemia CS
* Lymphoma, Leukemia * immunodeficiency * infertility, stillbirths, abortions
85
Feline leukemia DX
* snap tests looking for antigen * ELISA, Screening * IFA, confirmatory * PCR
86
Feline Leukemia Prevention
* test before vaccination then in 2-3 months if high risk * most important in group housing * adjuvants in cats cause: fibrosarcoma
87
Feline Immunodeficiency virus
* Lentivirus * primary bite wounds * simple iso for FIV+ cats
88
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus DX
* SNAP combo * in house antibody test * western blot * PCR, virus iso
89
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention
* record (chip, or notch) vaccinated animals because they will always test positive after the vaccination
90
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
* can't prevent it with vaccination * FIP can survive 7 weeks in environment, fomite transmission * Risk factors * 6 mos-2yrs, then \> 10 * purebreds * **group confinement** * concurrent infection (FeLV, FIV)
91
FIP CS
* Fever, anorexia, weight loss, kitten mortality * effusive (wet) form * vasculitis causes abd/thoracic effusion * non-effusive (dry) form * multifocal pyogranulomatous inflammation * liver, kidney, spleen, eyes, nervous system
92
FIP vaccine
* do environmental control * vaccine wont help
93
Feline rabies
* dog product can be used in cats (but there are adjuvants) * merial purevax * cats feel ick after 3 yr rabies
94
objectives of vaccination
* vaccinate largest possible number of animals in population at risk * vaccinate each animal no more frequently than necessary * vaccinate only against infectious agents to which individuals have a realistic risk of exposure, infection and disease * vaccinate only when the potential benefits of procedure outweigh potential risks
95
To know
1. window of susceptibilitiy 2. priority of handling 3. immunophrophylaxis 4. core vs non-core 5. partnership for healthy pets exits 6. why do we do preventative care 7. tools of preventative care

P & P (Midterm) (8 decks)

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